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Earth at Risk in the 21st Century: Rethinking Peace, Environment, Gender, and Human, Water, Health, Food, Energy Security, and Migration pp 163–191Cite as

Peace, Environment and Security: A Gender Perspective from the Global South

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Part of the book series: Pioneers in Arts, Humanities, Science, Engineering, Practice ((PAHSEP,volume 18))

Abstract

The end of the Cold War coarsely exposed North-South differences (World Bank 1995). In the South it revealed the disparity between social classes (CEPAL 2003; Oxfam 2017), ethnic and religious groups (Oswald 2004; Bensasson 2018), urban and rural areas (CEPAL 2003), and especially gender-based discrimination (UNFEM 2003; CEPAL 2003; WB 2014).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    I would like to gratefully acknowledge the language corrections and helpful comments by Dr. S. Eréndira Serrano Oswald. The conference was given in Groningen, Netherlands in summer 1990 and updated by the author under the title “IPRA 40 Years after Groningen”.

  2. 2.

    In Latin America UNDP, CEPAL (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean) and the Institute for Economic Applied Research (IPEA, in Spanish) developed a methodology to evaluate the advances of the Millenium Goals up to 2015.

  3. 3.

    Undoubtedly, the processes of political transformation were particularly adverse to women. Wollstonecraft (1759–1797) became a fervent defender of feminine emancipation. At her college in Islington, contemporary thinkers were criticised, including Rousseau and Burke. Her publications, such as A Vindication of Women’s Rights, have been fundamental to the subsequent suffrage movements led by Elisabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Current feminist struggles unveiled new aspects, particularly the relationship between globalisation and patriarchy.

  4. 4.

    “Individuation processes” refer to the universal condition whereby individual human beings recurrently come to actively engage in socio-cultural life processes that mould their identities, incessantly actualising their inalienable right to a particular individual identity within a framework of inclusive and diverse alterity. Please note that, unlike the age-bound ideological trend denominated ‘individualism’, ‘individuation’ is non-exclusivist and collectively compatible from its very basic dynamic (Definition: Serrano 2004).

  5. 5.

    Different human rights were declared and socially consolidated. They apply to any human being and are inalienable and recognised by law. In the Declaration of the Rights of Citizens and Individuals, formulated by the French National Assembly and supported by the Delegation of Independence of the United States, freedom of property acquisition and resistance to oppression were recognised as natural rights. In the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10 December 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was proclaimed, grouping all the rights established beforehand. On 23 March 1976, the International Treaty of Civil Rights was instituted, linking the established rights with the self-determination of nations. In further meetings, human beings were constituted as the centre of concerns related to sustainable development and were given the right to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature. These rights know no frontiers and apply globally, but are based on Eurocentric laws.

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Oswald Spring, Ú. (2020). Peace, Environment and Security: A Gender Perspective from the Global South. In: Earth at Risk in the 21st Century: Rethinking Peace, Environment, Gender, and Human, Water, Health, Food, Energy Security, and Migration . Pioneers in Arts, Humanities, Science, Engineering, Practice, vol 18. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38569-9_8

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