Abstract
The chapter focuses on the perspective of emerging liberal democratic security communities in the post-Cold War European security environment. Does EU’s emerging security community complement NATO or makes it weaker? The focus on a European Army, independent from NATO, seems recently become a priority for the EU, but it faces numerous challenges as how to deal with the neutral member states, how the relations will be with NATO, also with Russia, does Europe really needs an army and why. The impact of Brexit on the future CSDP development will be analyzed as well. Specifically, the chapter focuses how EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy is prepared in standing against new security challenges, especially cyber threats, which influence to the future CSDP developments will be discussed as well. In order to successfully oppose new security challenges, the European Union has to build up its cyber capacity compatible with other major powers.
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Notes
- 1.
Shared Vision (2016), p. 3.
- 2.
Kasper and Vernygora (2019) NB!!! We are still waiting for the review of this publication. Details will be added if accepted.
- 3.
Adler and Barnett (1998), p. 8.
- 4.
Deutsch et al. (1957), p. 2.
- 5.
Laursen (1996), p. 172.
- 6.
Mölder (2010), pp. 101–105.
- 7.
Deutsch et al. (1957).
- 8.
Baldwin (1993), p. 288.
- 9.
Lucarelli (2002) p. 4.
- 10.
Cooper (2000), pp. 19–20.
- 11.
Brittain (1990).
- 12.
Mölder (2010), pp. 195–198.
- 13.
Deutsch et al. (1957), p. 6.
- 14.
Adler (2005), p. 190.
- 15.
Presidency Conclusions (1993).
- 16.
Joint Declaration (2002).
- 17.
Laursen (1996), p. 173.
- 18.
After the Petersberg Hotel near Bonn where the WEU ministerial summit took place.
- 19.
Marrone and Nones (2013), p. 15.
- 20.
Mölder (2010), pp. 125–126.
- 21.
Krastev (2006), p. 2.
- 22.
Mölder (2018), p. 161.
- 23.
Ibid., p. 154.
- 24.
Riedel (2018), p. 103.
- 25.
See Footnote 11.
- 26.
Mouritzen and Wivel (2005), p. 28.
- 27.
Marrone and Nones (2013), p. 6.
- 28.
Brittain (1990).
- 29.
Pothier (2019).
- 30.
Ibid.
- 31.
Letter of Intent (2018).
- 32.
BBC News (2018).
- 33.
Pothier (2019).
- 34.
Peck (2018).
- 35.
Ibid.
- 36.
Tocci (2018), pp. 132–33.
- 37.
John Bolton is a vocal critic of the European Union. He has often criticized the EU for pursuing liberal policies, fervently supported Brexit and accused EU in “the endless process of diplomatic mastication”… (Bolton 2008).
- 38.
Barnes and Cooper (2019).
- 39.
De La Baume and Sciorilli Borrelli (2019).
- 40.
BBC News (2018).
- 41.
Except Cyprus, which is an aspiring member, but constantly vetoed by Turkey.
- 42.
De La Baume and Herszenhorn (2018).
- 43.
Pothier (2019).
- 44.
EEAS (2018).
- 45.
EDA (2008).
- 46.
Ibid.
- 47.
Ibid.
- 48.
Amoore and Raley (2017), p. 4.
- 49.
Domingo (2016).
- 50.
Shared Vision (2016).
- 51.
Riddervold (2016), p. 354.
- 52.
Djikstra (2013), p. 9.
- 53.
Haroche (2019), p. 4.
- 54.
Ibid., p. 8.
- 55.
Riddervold (2016), p. 366.
- 56.
Ibid., p. 361.
- 57.
Ibid., p. 362.
- 58.
Klimburg and Tiirmaa-Klaar (2011), p. 36.
- 59.
Trimintzios et al. (2017), p. 9.
- 60.
Barrinha and Carrapiço (2016).
- 61.
Kostyuk and Zhukov (2019), p. 340.
- 62.
Kostyuk and Zhukov (2019).
- 63.
Leuprecht et al. (2019) pp. 382–383.
- 64.
Fiott (2017), pp. 6–7.
- 65.
Tocci (2018) p. 135.
- 66.
Fiott (2018).
- 67.
Leuprecht et al. (2019), p. 385.
- 68.
Bendiek (2017), pp. 14–16.
- 69.
Trimintzios et al. (2017), p. 15.
- 70.
Powell (2018), p. 36.
- 71.
Bendiek (2017), p. 28.
- 72.
Haroche (2019).
- 73.
Griffith (2018), p. 18.
- 74.
European Commission (2017).
- 75.
Ibid.
- 76.
European Council (2013), p. 9.
- 77.
Council of the European Union (2018a).
- 78.
Council of the European Union (2018b).
- 79.
Christensen and Liebetrau (2019).
- 80.
Ghosh (2017).
- 81.
US Department of Justice (2018).
- 82.
The Register (2018).
- 83.
Foreign & Commonwealth Office (2018).
- 84.
White House (2018).
- 85.
Griffith (2018), pp. 6, 26.
- 86.
European Court of Justice (2006), p. 66.
- 87.
Tor (2017) pp. 94–95.
- 88.
European Commission (2017).
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Kasper, A., Mölder, H. (2020). The EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy in Facing New Security Challenges and Its Impact on Cyber Defence. In: Ramiro Troitiño, D., Kerikmäe, T., de la Guardia, R., Pérez Sánchez, G. (eds) The EU in the 21st Century. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38399-2_15
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