Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Recycling of Marine Litter and Ocean Plastics: A Vital Sustainable Solution for Increasing Ecology and Health Problem

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Sustainability in the Textile and Apparel Industries

Abstract

Marine litter is a crucial health and environmental issue in the global sense for not only humankind but also for cetaceans, marine life, and other flying and land animals. It is known that marine litter has significant environmental, economic, health, and aesthetic effects. Marine litter is a permanent, manufactured, or processed solid material which is discarded, disposed, or abandoned from any source into marine and coastal environments. It can be composed of the wastes and particles of abandoned waste textile products, synthetic garments and their fragments, fishing nets, fishing lines, industrial product wastes and industrial plastic production wastes such as plastic bottles and plastic containers (mostly made from synthetic polymers), vehicle tire dusts, and breakdown of litter and cosmetic products. In most cases, plastics are one of the most important components of marine litter because of their very slow decay rates. It is stated that approximately 90% of the marine litter is composed of plastic material wastes and 5–13 million tonnes of plastic waste litter are released to the marine-related environment per year. The amount of plastic waste in the seas is likely to continue to increase, mainly due to the negative increase in plastic consumption (about 9% per annum) and the inadequacy of its reuse, recycling, and waste management practices. The entanglement and ingestion of marine litter directly damage wild animals and their environment. Accumulation of marine litter on the seabed, accumulation of trash, and seagrass deposits in coral reefs cause damage to the natural habitat and damage the ecosystem. Plastic entanglement and ingestion problems by the animals are the main issues with macroplastics. On the other hand, plastic ingestion and accumulation problems by the animals are the main issues with microplastics. Microplastics in marine litter can be generated through microbeads, pellets, abrasion of especially car tires, textile materials and textile products, the decay of mesoplastics and macroplastics, and so on. Microfibers and microfibrils, which may be generated during ordinary home laundry cycles due to the agitation and beating nature of the washing process and end up in sewage, are also a subcategory of microplastics. Ingestion of microplastic and microparticle marine litter can cause many health problems. Microplastics in the sea enter the body of living sea creatures. As a result of these marine organisms, such as fishes, being consumed by humans, these microplastics and their remnants enter the human body and cause further health problems. Plastic materials enter to the seas and oceans end up on ocean floor, sea sides, beaches, and ocean surfaces. Unfortunately, degradation of these plastic waste litters in the marine environment needs centuries. Various measures are taken to remove the plastic wastes from the seas and seashores. Coastal cleaning activities and cleaning nets taken to the coasts are some of the most commonly used methods. The most common approaches for collected marine litter can also be storage or incineration. However, these methods may not be always ideal solutions because of limited storage space and pollution risks. The most likely solution for the destruction of plastic marine litter is the plastic recycling technologies commonly used in the processing of industrial wastes. The waste plastic and plastic parts collected from the seas and seashores are separated from each other by various methods and then each type of the recovered polymer, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer, polypropylene (PP) polymer, and polyamide (PA) polymer, can be included in the recycling processes at their relevant recycling facilities. Plastic recycling technologies can typically be classified in three ways: mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, and thermal recycling. In this chapter, marine litter and recycling of marine litter and ocean plastics are comprehensively reviewed. First of all, the information regarding marine litter sources, marine litter types, and the contribution of synthetic fibers to marine litter via laundry (washing) cycles is given. Then, the ecological and socioeconomic effects of marine litter are discussed. Afterward, the precautions against marine litter and recycling of marine litter (mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, and thermal recycling) are mentioned. Finally, the recent commercial developments for marine litter recycling are covered.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. UNEP (2011) Assessment of the status of marine litter in the Mediterranean Athens, 2011

    Google Scholar 

  2. UNEP (2016) Marine plastic debris and microplastics global lessons and research to inspire action and guide policy change, Nairobi

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ryan PG (2015) A brief history of marine litter research. In: Bergmann M, Gutow L, Klages M (eds) Marine anthropogenic litter. Springer, Berlin, pp 1–25

    Google Scholar 

  4. UNEP (2005) Marine litter: an analytical overview, Nairobi

    Google Scholar 

  5. Galgani F, Fleet D, van Franeker J, Katsavenakis S, Maes T, Mouat J, Oosterbaan L (2010) Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Task Group 10 Report Marine litter. JRC Scientific and Technical Report ICES/JRC/IFREMER Joint Report Ed. by N. Zampoukas, p 57

    Google Scholar 

  6. Derraik JGB (2002) The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Mar Pollut Bull 44(9):842–852

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Plastics Europe (2015) Plastics–the facts 2015: an analysis of european plastics production, demand and waste data. Plastic Europe, Belgium, pp 1–40

    Google Scholar 

  8. Flavia SC, Alexander T, Julia BR (2017) Synthetic fibers as microplastics in the marine environment: a review from textile perspective with a focus on domestic washings. Sci Total Environ 598:1116–1129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Jambeck JR, Geyer R, Wilcox C, Siegler TR, Perryman M, Andrady A, Narayan R, Lavender Law K (2015) Plastic waste inputs from land into theocean. Mar Pollut 347(6223):768–771

    Google Scholar 

  10. Rochman CM, Browne MA, Underwood AJ, van Franeker JA, Thompson RC, Amaral-Zettler LA (2016) The ecological impacts of marine debris: unraveling the demonstrated evidence from what is perceived. Ecology 97:302–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. UNEP (2014) Valuing plastics: the business case for measuring, managing and disclosing plastic use in the consumer goods industry. United Nations Environment Programme 2014

    Google Scholar 

  12. Barnes DKA (2002) Invasions by marine life on plastic debris. Nature 416(6883):808–809. https://doi.org/10.1038/416808a

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Imogen EN, Richard CT (2016) Release of synthetic microplastic plastic fibres from domestic washing machines: effects of fabric type and washing conditions. Mar Pollut Bull 112:39–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. EC (2008) EC directive, of the European Parliament and the Council of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive). Off J Eur Union L 164:19–40

    Google Scholar 

  15. OSPAR (2007) Pilot project on monitoring marine beach litter monitoring of marine litter in the OSPAR region. p 56

    Google Scholar 

  16. EEA (2013) European Environment Agency. Marine Litter—a growing threat worldwide, Copenhagen K Denmark. p 7

    Google Scholar 

  17. OSPAR (2009) In: Lozano RL, Mouat J (eds) Marine Litter in the Northeast Atlantic region assessment and priorities for response. KIMO International Regional Consultants

    Google Scholar 

  18. UNEP (2009) Marine litter: a global challenge, Nairobi UNEP. p 232

    Google Scholar 

  19. Allsopp M, Walters A, Santillo D, Johnston, P (2006) Plastic debris in the world’s oceans. p 44

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kershaw PJ, Rochman CM (2016) Joint Group of Experts on the scientific aspects of marine environmental protection. Rep Stud GESAMP 93:220

    Google Scholar 

  21. Laist DW (1987) Overview of the biological effects of lost and discarded plastic debris in the marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 18:319–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. https://www.greenpeace.de/sites/www.greenpeace.de/files/i03971e_gp_flyer_mikrofaser_7_17.pdf. Accessed 2 Jun 2019

    Google Scholar 

  23. Gert E, Lisbeth VC, Maarten DR, Albert AK, Jan M, Michiel V, Colin RJ (2018) Risk assessment of microplastics in the ocean: modelling approach and first conclusions. Environ Pollut 242:1930–1938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.069

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Mathalon A, Hill P (2014) Microplastic fibers in the intertidal ecosystem surrounding Halifax Harbor, Nova Scotia. Mar Pollut Bull 81(1):69–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Anthony LA (2017) The plastic in microplastics: a review. Mar Pollut Bull 119:12–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Browne MA, Crump P, Niven SJ, Teuten E, Tonkin A, Galloway T, Thompson R (2011) Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines woldwide: sources and sinks. Environ Sci Technol 45(21):9175–9179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/this-company-turns-used-plastic-bottles-from-shorelines-into-clothing_n_57d17909e4b06a74c9f301f3. Accessed 17 Jun 2019

    Google Scholar 

  28. https://ocean.si.edu/conservation/pollution/marine-plastics. Accessed 10 May 2019

    Google Scholar 

  29. UNEP (2018) Quarterly report at the 142nd Meeting of the Committee of Permanent Representatives, Nairobi UNEP

    Google Scholar 

  30. De Falco F, Gullo MP, Gentile G, Di Pace E, Cocca M, Gelabert L, Brouta-Agnésa M, Rovira A, Escudero R, Villalba R, Mossotti R, Montarsolo A, Gavignano S, Tonin C, Avella M (2018) Evaluation of microplastic release caused by textile washing processes of synthetic fabrics. Environ Pollut 236:916–925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.057

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/27/washing-clothes-releases-water-polluting-fibres-study-finds. Accessed 10 May 2019

  32. Jemec A, Horvat P, Kunej U, Bele M, Kržan A (2016) Uptake and effects of microplastic textile fibers on freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna. Environ Pollut 219:201–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Gall SC, Thompson RC (2015) The impact of debris on marine life. Mar Pollut Bull 92:170–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Thompson RC, Moore CJ, vom Saal FS, Swan SH (2009) Plastics, the environment and human health: current consensus and future trends. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 364:2153–2166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Matthew C, Pennie L, Claudia TSG (2011) Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review. Mar Pollut Bull 62:2588–2597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Rochman CM, Browne MA, Halpern BS, Hentschel BT, Hoh E, Karapanagioti HK, Rios-Mendoza LR, Takada H, Teh S, Policy TRC (2013) Classify plastic waste as hazardous. Nature 494:169–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Laist DW (1997) Impacts of marine debris: entanglement of marine life in marine debris including a comprehensive list of species with entanglement and ingestion records. In: Coe JM, Rogers BD (eds) Marine debris: sources, impacts and solutions. Springer, Berlin, pp 99–139

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  38. Kühn S, Rebolledo ELB, van Franeker JA (2015) Deleterious effects of litter on marine life. In: Bergmann M et al (eds) Marine anthropogenic litter, pp 75–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_4

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  39. Chapman MG, Clynick BG (2006) Experiments testing the use of waste material in estuaries as habitat for subtidal organisms. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 338:164–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Kiessling T, Gutow L, Thiel M (2015) Marine litter as habitat and dispersal vector. In: Bergmann M et al (eds) Marine anthropogenic litter. Springer, Berlin, pp 141–118

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  41. Wallace B (1990) How much do commercial and recreational fishermen know about marine debris and entanglement? Part 1. In: Shomura RS, Godfrey ML (eds) Proceedings of the second international conference on marine debris April 2–7, 1989. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Washington, DC, pp 1140–1148

    Google Scholar 

  42. Awaja F, Pavel D (2005) Recycling of PET. Eur Polym J 41:1453–1477

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Gegory MR (2009) Environmental implications of plastic debris in marine settingsentanglement, ingestion, smothering, hangers-on, hitch-hiking, and alien invasions. Philos Trans R Soc 364:2013–2026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. STAP (2011) Marine debris as a global environmental problem. Introducing a solutions based frame work focused on plastic. In: A STAP information document. Global Environment Facility, Washington, DC, p 40

    Google Scholar 

  45. Codina GM, Militão T, Moreno J, González SJ (2013) Plastic debris in Mediterranean seabirds. Mar Pollut Bull 77(1-2):220–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Radu G, Nicolaev S, Anton E, Maximov V, Radu E (2003) Preliminary data about the impact of fishing gears on the dolphins from the Black Sea Romanian waters. In: Ozturkand B, Karakulak FS (eds) Proceedings of the workshop on demersal resources in the Black Sea and Azov Sea, Sile, Turkey, 15-17 April, pp 115–129

    Google Scholar 

  47. Moncheva S, Stefanova K, Krastev A, Apostolov A (2014) VII. Descriptor 10 Marine litterQuantification in the Black Sea a pilot assessment. In: Moncheva S, Boicenco L (eds) MISIS Joint Cruise Scientific Report, (2014): “State of Environment Report of the Western Black Sea based on Joint MISIS cruise” (SoEWBS), p 401. ISBN: 978-606-598-367-0

    Google Scholar 

  48. Anthony LA (2011) Microplastics in the marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 62:1596–1605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Boerger CM, Lattin GL, Moore S, Moore CJ (2010) Plastic ingestion by planktivorous fishes in the North Pacific Central Gyre. Mar Pollut Bull 60(12):2275–2278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Murray F, Cowie PR (2011) Plastic contamination in the decapod crustacean Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758). Mar Pollut Bull 62:1207–1217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Kogler M, Rahbaran S, Schuster KC, Kulka S (2018) Marine pollution exposing some of the myths and facts. In: 57th Global Fiber Congress, Dornbirn. Accessed 12 Sep 2018

    Google Scholar 

  52. https://thankyouocean.org/threats/marine-debris/. Accessed 26 May 2019

    Google Scholar 

  53. Hall K (2000) Impacts of marine debris and oil: economic and social costs to coastal communities. Kommunenes Internasjonale Miljøorganisasjon (KIMO). ISBN: 978-0904562897, p 97

    Google Scholar 

  54. Collignon A, Hecq JH, Glagani F, Voisin P, Collard F, Goffart A (2012) Neustonic microplastic and zooplankton in the North Western Mediterranean Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 64(4):861–864

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Cauwenberghe LV, Vanreusel A, Mees J, Janssen CR (2013) Microplastic pollution in deep-sea sediments. Environ Pollut 182:495–499

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Eriksen M, Maximenko N, Thiel M, Cummins A, Lattin G et al (2013) Plastic marine pollution in the South Pacific subtropical gyre. Mar Pollut Bull 68:71–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Boerger CM, Lattin GL, Moore SL, Moore CJ (2010) Plastic ingestion by planktivorous fishes in the North Pacific Central gyre. Mar Pollut Bull 60(12):2275–2278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/victor-vescovo-deepest-dive-pacific/index.html. Accessed 15 Jun 2019

    Google Scholar 

  59. Lusher AL, McHugh M, Thompson RC (2013) Occurrence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of pelagic and demersal fish from the English Channel. Mar Pollut Bull 67:94–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Di Beneditto APM, Ramos RMA (2014) Marine debris ingestion by coastal dolphins: what drives differences between sympatric species? Mar Pollut Bull 83(1):298–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Lewis C, Slade S, Maxwell K, Matthews T (2009) Lobster trap impact on coral reefs: effects of wind-driven trap movement. N Z J Mar Freshw Res 43:271–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Olin R, Carlsson B, Stahre B (1995) The West Coast of Sweden—the rubbish tip of the North Sea. In: Earll RC (ed) Proceedings of Workshop on Coastal and Riverine Litter: problems and effective solutions. Marine Environmental Management and Training, Kempley, Gloucestershire, pp 12–14

    Google Scholar 

  63. Barnes DKA, Galgani F, Thompson RC, Barlaz M (2009) Accumulation andfragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 364:1985–1998

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Aliani S, Molcard A (2003) Hitch-hiking on floating marine debris: macrobenthic species in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Hydrobiologia 503(1):59–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Fazey FMC, Ryan PG (2016) Biofouling on buoyant marine plastics: an experimental study into the effect of size on surface longevity. Environ Pollut 210:354–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Cole M, Lindeque P, Fileman E, Halsband C, Goodhead RM, Moger J, Galloway T (2013) Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton. Environ Sci Technol 47:6646–6655

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Wilson JRU, Dormontt EE, Prentis PJ, Lowe AJ, Richardson DM (2009) Something in the way you move: dispersal pathways affect invasion success. Trends Ecol Evol 24(3):136–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Moore CJ (2008) Synthetic polymers in the marine environment: a rapidly increasing, long-term threat. Environ Res 108:131–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Lobelle D, Cunliffe M (2011) Early microbial biofilm formation on marine plastic debris. Mar Pollut Bull 62:197–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Setälä O, Fleming-Lehtinen V, Lehtiniemi M (2014) Ingestion and transfer of microplastics in the planktonic food web. Environ Pollut 185(77-83):128

    Google Scholar 

  71. Farrell P, Nelson K (2013) Trophic level transfer of microplastic: Mytilus edulis (L) to Carcinus maenas (L). Environ Pollut 177:1–3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Costanza R, dArge R, de Goot R, Farber S, Gasso M, Hannon B, Limburg K, Naeem S, Oneill RV, Paruelo J, Raskin RG, Sutton P, van den Belt M (1997) The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:253–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Corcoran PL, Biesinger MC, Meriem G (2009) Plastics and beaches: a degrading relationship. Mar Pollut Bull 58:80–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Hidalgo RV, Gutow L, Thompson RC, Thiel M (2012) Microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environ Sci Technol 46:3060–3075

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Andrady AL (2011) Microplastics in the marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 62(8):1596–1605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Mouat J, Lozano RL, Bateson H (2010) Economic impacts of marine litter. KIMO International. p 105

    Google Scholar 

  77. Costanza R, d’Arge R, de Goot R, Farber S, Gasso M, Hannon B, Limburg K, Naeem S, O’Neill RV, Paruelo J, Raskin RG, Sutton P, van den Belt M (1998) The value of ecosystem services: putting the issues in perspective. Ecol Econ 25:67–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Ofiara DD, Seneca JJ (2006) Biological effects and subsequent economic effects and losses from marine pollution and degradations in marine environments: implications from the literature. Mar Pollut Bull 52:844–864

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Galloway TS (2015) Micro- and nano-plastics and human health. In: Bergmann M, Gutow L, Klages M (eds) Marine anthropogenic litter. Springer, Berlin, pp 347–370

    Google Scholar 

  80. Telli A (2011) A study on comparison of yarn and fabric properties which are produce from conventional PES and recycled PET bottle fibres. Master Thesis, Ege University, Institute of Science and Technology, Bornova-Izmir

    Google Scholar 

  81. https://www.hakaimagazine.com/features/ghosts-fishers-past/. Accessed 3 Jun 2019

    Google Scholar 

  82. Jundong W, Zhi T, Jinping P, Qiongxuan Q, Meimin L (2016) The behaviors of microplastics in the marine environment. Mar Environ Res 113:7–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Luís CM, Francisca R, Thiago LR, Martyn NF (2018) Studies of the effects of microplastics on aquatic organisms: what do we know and where should we focus our efforts in the future. Sci Total Environ 645:1029–1039

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. https://obligedblog.wordpress.com/2017/09/13/fashion-fiber-fabric-more-yarns-and-textiles-in-seaqual-ocean-plastic-waste-recycled-polyester/. Accessed 20 Jun 2019

    Google Scholar 

  85. https://thankyouocean.org/threats/marine-debris/. Accessed 28 May 2019

    Google Scholar 

  86. http://www.cearac project.org/RAP_MALI/Recycling%20Plastic%20Marine%20Litter.pdf. Accessed 8 Jun 2019

  87. Tayyar AE, Üstün S (2010) Usage of recycled PET. Univ J Eng Sci 16:53–62

    Google Scholar 

  88. NOWPAP (2007) Recycling plastic marine litter

    Google Scholar 

  89. https://ourgoodbrands.com/ecoalf-100-recycled-plastic-fashion-oceans/. Accessed 19 May 2019

  90. https://www.packaging-360.com/inspiration-en/clothing-made-of-pet-bottles/?lang=en. Accessed 1 Jul 2019

    Google Scholar 

  91. https://www.dezeen.com/2019/07/05/trainers-sneakers-sustainable-desgn/. Accessed 18 May 2019

  92. https://news.sky.com/story/sustainable-brand-ecoalf-launches-trainers-made-from-single-use-ocean-plastics-and-algae-11455544. Accessed 25 Jun 2019

    Google Scholar 

  93. https://goexplorer.org/dressed-in-waste-how-fashion-can-help-clean-up-our-oceans-of-plastic/. Accessed 19 Jun 2019

    Google Scholar 

  94. https://www.sneakerfreaker.com/articles/material-matters-adidas-and-parley-reinvent-recycling/. Accessed 18 Jun 2019

    Google Scholar 

  95. https://footwearnews.com/2019/focus/athletic-outdoor/adidas-parley-for-oceans-recycled-plastic-shoes-1202735137/. Accessed 5 Jun 2019

  96. https://www.econyl.com/blog/news/a-journey-into-the-econyl-regeneration-system/. Accessed 20 Jun 2019

  97. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3646513/Waste-not-Designers-create-99-sunglasses-recycled-ocean-plastic.html. Accessed 15 May 2019

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research and Development Centre, Polyteks Textile Company, Bursa, Turkey

    Sedat Kumartasli

  2. Textile Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey

    Ozan Avinc

Authors
  1. Sedat Kumartasli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ozan Avinc
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ozan Avinc .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Head of Sustainability, SgT and API, Kowloon, Hong Kong

    Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu

  2. Centro de Estudios para el Lujo Sustentable, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Miguel Angel Gardetti

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kumartasli, S., Avinc, O. (2020). Recycling of Marine Litter and Ocean Plastics: A Vital Sustainable Solution for Increasing Ecology and Health Problem. In: Muthu, S.S., Gardetti, M.A. (eds) Sustainability in the Textile and Apparel Industries. Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38013-7_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation