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Here and Queer (?): Monosexism and the Bisexual Body

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Talking Bodies Vol. II

Abstract

How can we see bisexuality in society? What does a bisexual look like? What happens if we cannot see bisexuality in society? This chapter reflects on the bisexual body and suggests that bisexuality fails to be visually recognised due to the assumption that everyone is either heterosexual, lesbian, or gay. I argue that this contributes to a bisexual invisibility in society, thus shrouding bisexual experiences in silence. This silence, I argue, results in a reduced quality of life for bisexuals due to the lack of social recognition and consequent invalidation of the bisexual identity. Although we fail to see bisexuality, I contend that the reliance on visual cues to determine sexual identity is problematic, and we must turn to discursive measures for bisexual representation.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    David M. Halperin, “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Bisexual,” Journal of Bisexuality 9, no. 3–4 (2009), 451–455.

  2. 2.

    Robyn Ochs, Selected Quotes by Robyn Ochs, https://robynochs.com/quotes/, accessed 5 May 2017.

  3. 3.

    Surya Monro, Sally Hines, and Antony Osborne, “Is Bisexuality Invisible? A Review of Sexuality Scholarship 1970–2015,” The Sociological Review (2017), 663–681.

  4. 4.

    Nikki Hayfield, Victoria Clarke, Emma Halliwell, and Helen Malson, “Visible Lesbians and Invisible Bisexuals: Appearance and Visual Identities Among Bisexual Women,” Women’s Studies International Forum 40 (2013), 172–182.

  5. 5.

    Shiri Eisner, Bi: Notes for a Bisexual Revolution (Berkeley: Seal Press, 2013).

  6. 6.

    Antonia Hoyle, “Why Do so Many Young People Say They’re Bisexual? Honest? Confused? Influenced by Celebrities? We Talk to Three Youngsters and Their (Somewhat Bemused) Parents,” The Daily Mail, 31 October 2016.

  7. 7.

    Jonathan Alexander, “Bisexuality in the Media,” Journal of Bisexuality 7, no. 1–2 (2007), 117.

  8. 8.

    Nancy C. Marcus, “The Global Problem of Bisexual Erasure in Litigation and Jurisprudence,” Journal of Bisexuality 18, no. 1 (2018), 67–85.

  9. 9.

    Monro, Hines, and Osborne, “Is Bisexuality Invisible?” 663–681.

  10. 10.

    Julie Ebin, “Why Bisexual Health?” Journal of Bisexuality 12, no. 2 (2012), 171.

  11. 11.

    Daniel Welzer-Lang, “Speaking Out Loud About Bisexuality: Biphobia in the Gay and Lesbian Community,” Journal of Bisexuality 8, no. 1–2 (2008), 81–95; Milaine Alarie and Stephanie Gaudet, “I Don’t Know If She Is Bisexual or If She Just Wants to Get Attention: Analyzing the Various Mechanisms Through Which Emerging Adults Invisibilize Bisexuality,” Journal of Bisexuality 13, no. 2 (2013), 191–214; Jillian Todd Weiss, “GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community,” Journal of Bisexuality 8, no. 1–2 (2008), 25–55.

  12. 12.

    Kirsten McLean, “Hiding in the Closet? Bisexuals, Coming Out and the Disclosure Imperative,” Journal of Sociology 43, no. 2 (2007), 151–166.

  13. 13.

    Meg Barker, “Including the B-Word: Reflections on the Place of Bisexuality Within Lesbian and Gay Activism and Psychology,” Lesbian and Gay Psychology Review 5, no. 3 (2004), 118–122.

  14. 14.

    Julie E. Hartman-Linck, “Keeping Bisexuality Alive: Maintaining Bisexual Visibility in Monogamous Relationships,” Journal of Bisexuality 14, no. 2 (2014), 177–193.

  15. 15.

    Kate Harrad, Purple Prose: Bisexuality in Britain (Portland: Thorntree, 2016).

  16. 16.

    Maria Pallotta-Chiarolli, “You’re Too Queer for the Straights and Now Too Queer for the Gays!” Journal of Bisexuality 11, no. 4 (2011), 566–570; Welzer-Lang, “Speaking Out Loud About Bisexuality,” 81–95; Kirsten McLean, “Inside, Outside, Nowhere: Bisexual Men and Women in the Gay and Lesbian Community,” Journal of Bisexuality 8, no. 1–2 (2008), 63–80; Tangela S. Roberts, Sharon G. Horne, and William T. Hoyt, “Between a Gay and a Straight Place: Bisexual Individuals’ Experiences With Monosexism,” Journal of Bisexuality 15, no. 4 (2015), 554–569.

  17. 17.

    Jasmine Andersson, “What is #droptheb and Why Should You Care?” Pink News, 15 June 2018.

  18. 18.

    Elle Hunt, “The Babadook: How the Horror Movie Monster Became a Gay Icon,” The Guardian, 11 June 2017.

  19. 19.

    M. Paz Galupo, Johanna L. Ramirez, and Lex Pulice-Farrow, “‘Regardless of Their Gender’: Descriptions of Sexual Identity among Bisexual, Pansexual, and Queer Identified Individuals,” Journal of Bisexuality 17, no. 1 (2017), 108–124.

  20. 20.

    Ibid., 113.

  21. 21.

    Paula C. Rust, 2000, p. 62.

  22. 22.

    Debra L. Moore and Fran H. Norris, “Empirical Investigation of the Conflict and Flexibility Models of Bisexuality,” Journal of Bisexuality 5, no. 1 (2005), 5–25.

  23. 23.

    McLean, “Hiding in the Closet?” 151–166.

  24. 24.

    Meg Barker, Helen Bowes-Catton, Alessandra Iantaffi, Angela Cassidy, and Laurence Brewer, “British Bisexuality: A Snapshot of Bisexual Representations and Identities in the United Kingdom,” Journal of Bisexuality 8, no. 1–2 (2008), 141–162.

  25. 25.

    McLean, “Inside, Outside, Nowhere,” 63–80; Roberts, Horne, and Hoyt, “Between a Gay and a Straight Place,” 554–569.

  26. 26.

    Gilbert, “Defeating Bigenderism: Changing Gender Assumptions in the Twenty-First Century,” Hypatia 24(3) (2009), 94.

  27. 27.

    Sara Ahmed and Jackie Stacey, “Introduction: Dermographies,” in Sara Ahmed and Jackie Stacey (eds), Thinking Through the Skin (London: Routledge, 2001), 1–18.

  28. 28.

    Ibid., 6.

  29. 29.

    Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge Classics, 2007).

  30. 30.

    Ibid., 31.

  31. 31.

    Ibid.

  32. 32.

    Ibid.

  33. 33.

    Ibid.

  34. 34.

    Watson, Wheldon, and Russell, “How Does Sexual Identity Disclosure Impact School Experiences?” 385–396; Moradi, “Sexual Orientation Disclosure, Concealment, Harassment, and Military Cohesion: Perceptions of LGBT Military Veterans,” 513–533; Rostosky et al., “The Positive Aspects of a Bisexual Self-Identification,” 131–144; Whitehead, Shaver, and Stephenson, “Outness, Stigma, and Primary Health Care Utilization Among Rural LGBT Populations,” 1–17.

  35. 35.

    Christina Richards, Walter Pierre Bouman, and Meg Barker (eds), Genderqueer and Non-Binary Genders (London: Duke University Press, 2017).

  36. 36.

    Weiss, “GL vs. BT,” 25–55; Emilia Lombardi, “Varieties of Transgender/Transsexual Lives and Their Relationship with Transphobia,” Journal of Homosexuality 56, no. 8 (2009), 977–992; S. Bear Bergman and Meg John Barker, “Non-Binary Activism,” in Richards, Bouman, and Barker (eds), Genderqueer and Non-Binary Genders, 31–52; Christina Richards, Walter Pierre Bouman, Leighton Seal, Meg John Barker, Timo O. Nieder, and Guy Tsjoen, “Non-Binary or Genderqueer Genders,” International Review of Psychiatry 28, no. 1 (2016), 95–102; Richards, Bouman, and Barker (eds), Genderqueer and Non-Binary Genders.

  37. 37.

    Alison Keleher and Eric R.A.N. Smith, “Growing Support for Gay and Lesbian Equality since 1990,” Journal of Homosexuality 59, no. 9 (2012), 1307–1326.

  38. 38.

    Ibid.

  39. 39.

    Garrett Prestage, Graham Brown, John De Wit, Benjamin Bavinton, Christopher Fairley, Bruce Maycock, and Colin Batrouney, “Understanding Gay Community Subcultures: Implications for HIV Prevention,” AIDS and Behavior 19, no. 12 (2015), 2224–2233.

  40. 40.

    David J. Hutson, “Standing OUT/Fitting IN: Identity, Appearance, and Authenticity in Gay and Lesbian Communities,” Symbolic Interaction 33, no. 2 (2010), 213–233; Ilana D. Krakauer and Suzanna M. Rose, “The Impact of Group Membership on Lesbians’ Physical Appearance,” Journal of Lesbian Studies 6, no. 1 (2002), 31–43.

  41. 41.

    Laura Harris and Elizabeth Crocker (eds), Femme: Feminists, Lesbians and Bad Girls (London: Routledge, 1997); Robbin Vannewkirk, “‘Gee, I Didn’t Get That Vibe from You’: Articulating My Own Version of a Femme Lesbian Existence,” Journal of Lesbian Studies 10, no. 1–2 (2006), 73–85; Heidi M. Levitt, Elisabeth A. Gerrish, and Katherine R. Hiestand, “The Misunderstood Gender: A Model of Modern Femme Identity,” Sex Roles 48, no. 3–4 (2003), 91–113.

  42. 42.

    Shaniff Esmail, Kim Darry, Ashlea Walter, and Heidi Knupp, “Attitudes and Perceptions towards Disability and Sexuality,” Disability and Rehabilitation 32, no. 14 (2010), 1148–1155.

  43. 43.

    Joane Nagel, Race, Ethnicity, and Sexuality: Intimate Intersections, Forbidden Frontiers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003); Patricia Hill Collins, Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism (Abingdon: Routledge, 2006).

  44. 44.

    Scott G. Shelp, “Gaydar: Visual Detection of Sexual Orientation Among Gay and Straight Men,” Journal of Homosexuality 44, no. 1 (2003), 1–14; Sarah C. Gomillion and Traci A. Giuliano, “The Influence of Media Role Models on Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Identity,” Journal of Homosexuality 58, no. 3 (2011), 330–354.

  45. 45.

    Julie E. Hartman, “Creating a Bisexual Display: Making Bisexuality Visible,” Journal of Bisexuality 13, no. 1 (2013), 39–62; Hartman-Linck, “Keeping Bisexuality Alive,” 177–193.

  46. 46.

    Victoria Clarke and Katherine Spence, “‘I Am Who I Am’? Navigating Norms and the Importance of Authenticity in Lesbian and Bisexual Women’s Accounts of Their Appearance Practices,” Psychology and Sexuality 4, no. 1 (2013), 25–33.

  47. 47.

    Victoria Clarke and Kevin Turner, “Clothes Maketh the Queer? Dress, Appearance and the Construction of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Identities,” Feminism and Psychology 17, no. 2 (2007), 267–276.

  48. 48.

    Caroline Huxley, Victoria Clarke, and Emma Halliwell, “Resisting and Conforming to the ‘Lesbian Look’: The Importance of Appearance Norms for Lesbian and Bisexual Women,” Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology 24 (2014), 205–219; Clarke and Turner, “Clothes Maketh the Queer?” 267–276.

  49. 49.

    Clarke and Spence, “I Am Who I Am?” 25–33; Clarke and Turner, “Clothes Maketh the Queer?” 267–276; Hayfield et al., “Visible Lesbians and Invisible Bisexuals,” 172–182.

  50. 50.

    Hayfield et al., “Visible Lesbians and Invisible Bisexuals,” 172–182.

  51. 51.

    Ibid.

  52. 52.

    Hartman, “Creating a Bisexual Display,” 40.

  53. 53.

    Ibid.

  54. 54.

    Ibid.

  55. 55.

    Hartman-Linck, “Keeping Bisexuality Alive,” 177–193.

  56. 56.

    Sarah Jane Daly, Nigel King, and Tracey Yeadon-Lee, “‘Femme It Up or Dress It Down’: Appearance and Bisexual Women in Monogamous Relationships,” Journal of Bisexuality (2018), 1–21.

  57. 57.

    Ibid., 17.

  58. 58.

    Hayfield et al., “Visible Lesbians and Invisible Bisexuals,” 172–182; Nikki Hayfield, Christine Campbell, and Elizabeth Reed, “Misrecognition and Managing Marginalisation: Bisexual People’s Experiences of Bisexuality and Relationships,” Psychology and Sexuality 9, no. 3 (2018), 221–236; Nikki Hayfield, “‘Never Judge a Book by Its Cover?’ Students’ Understandings of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Appearance,” Psychology and Sexuality 4, no. 1 (2013), 16–24.

  59. 59.

    Nikki Hayfield and Matthew Wood, “Looking Heteronormatively Good! Combining Story Completion With Bitstrips to Explore Understandings of Sexuality and Appearance,” Qualitative Research in Psychology (2018), 1–21.

  60. 60.

    Hayfield, Campbell, and Reed, “Misrecognition and Managing Marginalisation,” 221–236.

  61. 61.

    Elizabeth M. Morgan and Laura R. Davis-Delano, “Heterosexual Marking and Binary Cultural Conceptions of Sexual Orientation,” Journal of Bisexuality 16, no. 2 (2016), 125–143.

  62. 62.

    Lauren Beach, Elizabeth Bartelt, Brian Dodge, Wendy Bostwick, Vanessa Schick, Tsung-Chieh Fu, M. Reuel Friedman, and Debby Herbenick, “Meta-Perceptions of Others’ Attitudes Toward Bisexual Men and Women Among a Nationally Representative Probability Sample,” Archives of Sexual Behavior (2018), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1347-8.

  63. 63.

    Lisa Colledge, Ford Hickson, David Reid, and Peter Weatherburn, “Poorer Mental Health in UK Bisexual Women Than Lesbians: Evidence from the UK 2007 Stonewall Women’s Health Survey,” Journal of Public Health 37, no. 3 (2015), 423–427.

  64. 64.

    McLean, “Hiding in the Closet?” 151–166; Rachael L. Wandrey, Katie E. Mosack, and Erin M. Moore, “Coming Out to Family and Friends as Bisexually Identified Young Adult Women: A Discussion of Homophobia, Biphobia, and Heteronormativity,” Journal of Bisexuality 15, no. 2 (2015), 204–229; Heather Marie Knous, “The Coming Out Experience for Bisexuals.” Journal of Bisexuality 5, no. 4 (2006), 37–59.

  65. 65.

    April Scarlette Callis, “The Black Sheep of the Pink Flock: Labels, Stigma, and Bisexual Identity,” Journal of Bisexuality 13, no. 1 (2013), 82–105; Knous, “The Coming Out Experience for Bisexuals,” 37–59.

  66. 66.

    Callis, “The Black Sheep of the Pink Flock,” 82–105; Welzer-Lang, “Speaking Out Loud About Bisexuality,” 81–95; Roberts, Horne, and Hoyt, “Between a Gay and a Straight Place,” 554–569; McLean, “Inside, Outside, Nowhere,” 63–80; Paula C. Rust, “Make Me a Map: Bisexual Men’s Images of Bisexual Community,” The Journal of Bisexuality 1, no. 2–3 (2000), 47–108.

  67. 67.

    Susan Talburt, “Constructions of LGBT Youth: Opening up Subject Positions.” Theory Into Practice 43, no. 2 (2004), 116–121; McLean, “Inside, Outside, Nowhere,” 63–80.

  68. 68.

    Monro, Hines, and Osborne, “Is Bisexuality Invisible?” 663–681.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. SPAIS, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

    Rosie Nelson

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  1. Rosie Nelson
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  1. University of Passau, Passau, Bayern, Germany

    Bodie A. Ashton

  2. Chester, UK

    Amy Bonsall

  3. Northwich, Cheshire, UK

    Jonathan Hay

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Nelson, R. (2020). Here and Queer (?): Monosexism and the Bisexual Body. In: Ashton, B., Bonsall, A., Hay, J. (eds) Talking Bodies Vol. II. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36994-1_4

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