Abstract
Sustainable sourcing of raw materials is becoming an increasingly important factor to consider in the modern economic and technological landscape. The valorization of bauxite residue , a by-product of the Bayer process for alumina production, offers an opportunity to use a material commonly considered to be a waste stream as an abundant and readily available resource. In this study, a two-step process was developed to extract valuable materials from bauxite residue , employing carbothermic smelting , producing crude metallic iron and a slag phase which concentrates scandium , and other elements of interest, which are then extracted by acid baking–water leaching . Preliminary process tests were carried out, and fundamental investigation and characterizations were used to gain an understanding of the underlying physicochemical mechanisms. This waste valorization process is intended to be integrated into a larger near-zero-waste process to sustainably recover the valuable components of bauxite residue to help build the circular economy .
G.A. conceived and supervised the research. J.A. designed and performed the experiments, analyzed/interpreted the results, and drafted the manuscript.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
The International Aluminium Institute (2019) Primary aluminium production—global data for Jan 1973 to Jan 2019
Evans K (2016) J Sustain Metall 2:316
Anawati J, Azimi G (2019) Waste Manag 95:549
Liu Y, Naidu R (2014) Waste Manag 34:2662
U.S. Geological Survey (2019) Mineral commodity summaries
Røyset J, Ryum N (2005) Int Mater Rev 50:19
Shaoquan X, Suqing L (1996) Hydrometallurgy 42:337
Liu Z, Li H (2015) Hydrometallurgy 155:29
Borra CR, Blanpain B, Pontikes Y, Binnemans K, Van Gerven T (2016) J Sustain Metall 2:365
Binnemans K, Jones PT, Blanpain B, Van Gerven T, Pontikes Y (2015) J Clean Prod 99:17
Yagmurlu B, Dittrich C, Friedrich B (2017) J Sustain Metall 3:90
Rivera RM, Ulenaers B, Ounoughene G, Binnemans K, Van Gerven T (2018) Miner Eng 119:82
Qu Y, Lian B (2013) Bioresour Technol 136:16
Borra CR, Mermans J, Blanpain B, Pontikes Y, Binnemans K, Van Gerven T (2016) Miner Eng 92:151
Davris P, Balomenos E, Panias D, Paspaliaris I (2016) Hydrometallurgy 164:125
Yatsenko SP, Pyagai IN (2010) Theor Found Chem Eng 44:563
Borra CR, Pontikes Y, Binnemans K, Van Gerven T (2015) Miner Eng 76:20
Borra CR, Blanpain B, Pontikes Y, Binnemans K, Van Gerven T (2016) J Sustain Metall 2:28
Kaußen F, Friedrich B (2015) Chem-Ing-Tech 87:1535
Alkan G, Yagmurlu B, Ma Y, Xakalashe B, Stopic S, Dittrich C, Friedrich B (2018) In: Pontikes Y (ed) Proceedings of 2nd international bauxite residue valorisation and best practices conference, Athens, pp 215–222
Balomnenos E, Kastritis D, Panias D, Paspaliaris I, Boufounos D (2014) Light Met 2014:143
He A, Zeng J (2017) Mater Des 115:433
Lucas H, Alkan G, Xakalashe B, Friedrich B (2018) In: Proceedings of 2nd international bauxite residue valorisation and best practices conference, pp 263–270
Xakalashe B, Friedrich B (2018) In: Proceedings 2nd international bauxite residue valorisation and best practices conference, pp 233–240
Yagmurlu B, Alkan G, Xakalashe B, Friedrich B, Stopic S (2017) In: 35th International ICSOBA Conference Hamburg, Germany, 2–5 October, 2017, p 587
Brewer L, Margrave J (1955) J Phys Chem 59:421
Vind J, Malfliet A, Bonomi C, Paiste P, Sajó IE, Blanpain B, Tkaczyk AH, Vassiliadou V, Panias D (2018) Miner Eng 123:35
Liu Z, Zong Y, Li H, Zhao Z (2018) Miner Eng 119:263
Terry B (1983) Hydrometallurgy 10:135
Huang Y-J, Chiu H-T, Lee C-Y (2009) CrystEngComm 11:1904
Chen T, Zheng Y, Lu Z, Xu T, Liu Y, Meng X, Xu G, Han G (2019) Nanotechnology 1
Bose S (2007) High temperature coatings. Elsevier, pp 29–52
Murray JL (1981) Bull Alloy Phase Diagr 2:320
Azimi G, Papangelakis VG, Dutrizac JE (2007) Fluid Phase Equilib 260:300
Anthony JW, Bideaux RA, Bladh KW, Nichols MC (2005) Handbook of mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Rio Tinto (grant number 503532) and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) (grant number 503534). The authors gratefully acknowledge Rio Tinto for providing us with bauxite residue samples and for technical support. We thank Dr. Raiden Acosta for help with XRD, and Alkali Fusion, and Mr. Kok Long Ng for help with SEM-EDS. Access to the electron microscopy facility in Ontario Centre for the Characterization of Advanced Materials (OCCAM) and the Walter Curlook Materials Characterization & Processing Laboratory is acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
About this paper
Cite this paper
Anawati, J., Azimi, G. (2020). Recovery of Strategic Materials from Canadian Bauxite Residue by Smelting Followed by Acid Baking–Water Leaching. In: Azimi, G., Forsberg, K., Ouchi, T., Kim, H., Alam, S., Baba, A. (eds) Rare Metal Technology 2020. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36758-9_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36758-9_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-36757-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-36758-9
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)