Abstract
Heavy metals pollution is one of the most severe environmental problems, and that needs any necessary regulations to control it. However, numerous endeavors have been made to create sensors for observing heavy metals in the environment.
In this work, we used the carbon paste electrodes modified with bismuth film and walnut shell activated carbon (AC-CPE) in order to detect the lead ions using cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electrode surface morphology has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
The morphology of the activated carbon showed more void space and higher porosity on its surface. To optimize the electrochemical experimental parameters, many experimental and instrumental variables were investigated.
The results obtained with these conditions are satisfying and we can use it to analyze trace concentration. The calibration plots were linear in the range of 3.02 × 10−6 to 3.02 × 10−8 M, with a limit of detection of 4.03 × 10−9 M. The method showed a good repeatability at 1.66% (n = 3).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bhargavi, M., Sethuraman, S., Maheswari, U.: A review on detection of heavy metal ions in water – an electrochemical approach. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 213, 515–533 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.02.122
Lütfi, M., Atar, N., Saeed, M., Üstünda, Z., Osman, A.: Electrochemically grafted etodolac film on glassy carbon for Pb (II) determination. Sens. Actuators B 172, 1207–1215 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.06.082
Kumar, P., Kim, K., Bansal, V., Lazarides, T., Kumar, N.: Progress in the sensing techniques for heavy metal ions using nanomaterials. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 54, 30–43 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2017.06.010
Dali, M., Zinoubi, K., Chrouda, A., Abderrahmane, S., Cherrad, S., Renault, N.J.: A biosensor based on fungal soil biomass for electrochemical detection of lead (II) and cadmium (II) by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. J. Electr. Chem. 813, 9–19 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.02.009
March, G., Dung, T., Piro, B.: Modified electrodes used for electrochemical detection of metal ions in environmental analysis. Biosensors 5, 241–275 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3390/bios5020241
Salih, F.E., Ouarzane, A., El Rhazi, M.: Electrochemical detection of lead (II) modified carbon paste electrode. Arab. J. Chem. 4–11 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.08.021
Ciucu, A.A.: Chemically modified electrodes in biosensing. Biosens. Bioelectron. 5 (2014). https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6210.1000154
Mart, M.L., Torres, M.M., Guzm, C.A., Maestri, D.M.: Preparation and characteristics of activated carbon from olive stones and walnut shells. Ind. Crops Prod. 23, 23–28 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2005.03.001
Nahil, M.A., Williams, P.T.: Pore characteristics of activated carbons from the phosphoric acid chemical activation of cotton stalks. Biomass Bioenergy 37, 142–149 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.12.019
Ghasemi, M., Ghoreyshi, A.A., Younesi, H., Khoshhal, S.: Synthesis of a high characteristics activated carbon from walnut shell for the removal of Cr(VI) and Fe(II) from aqueous solution: single and binary solutes adsorption. Iran. J. Chem. Eng. 12, 28–51 (2015)
Hocevar, S., Svancara, I., Vytar, K., Ogorevc, B.: Novel electrode for electrochemical stripping analysis based on carbon paste modified with bismuth powder. Electrochim. Acta 51, 706–710 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2005.05.023
Taylor, P., Zafarani, H.R., Bahrololoom, M.E., Noubactep, C.: Green walnut shell as a new material for removal of Cr (VI) ions from aqueous solutions. Desalin. Water Treat. 431–439 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.917986
Pilehvar, S., Dierckx, T., Blust, R., Breugelmans, T., De Wael, K.: An electrochemical impedimetric aptasensing platform for sensitive and selective detection of small molecules such as chloramphenicol. Sensors 12059–12069 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/s140712059
Chattopadhyay, K., Mazumdar, S.: Direct electrochemistry of heme proteins: effect of electrode surface modification by neutral surfactants. Bioelectrochemistry 17–24 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0302-4598(00)00092-1
Al-ghamdi, A.F.: Electrochemical determination of rosiglitazone by square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry method. Arab. J. Chem. 5(3), 383–389 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.07.011
Arduini, F., Calvo, J.Q., Amine, A., Palleschi, G.: Bismuth-modified electrodes for lead detection. Trends Anal. Chem. 29(11), 1295–1304 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2010.08.003
Ariño, C., Serrano, N., Díaz-cruz, J.M., Esteban, M.: Voltammetric determination of metal ions beyond mercury electrodes. A review. Anal. Chim. Acta 990, 11–53 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2017.07.069
Wat, P.: Pb and Cd detection in some pharmaceutical products through electrochemical method. Medbiotech J. 1(1), 28–31 (2017). https://doi.org/10.22034/MBT.2017.60335
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
El Hamdouni, Y., Hermouche, L., Mabrouki, J., Abbi, K., El Hajjaji, S., Labjar, N. (2020). Carbon Paste Electrodes Modified with Bismuth Film and Walnut Shell Activated Carbon for the Detection of Lead Ions. In: Ezziyyani, M. (eds) Advanced Intelligent Systems for Sustainable Development (AI2SD’2019). AI2SD 2019. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1104. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36671-1_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36671-1_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-36670-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-36671-1
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)