Skip to main content

Problematic Internet Use

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Textbook of Addiction Treatment

Abstract

The Internet has arguably revolutionized our lives in a completely unprecedented way. Despite its countless benefits, threats such as problematic Internet use (PIU) (or Internet addiction) have also emerged. This chapter gives a brief overview of the main research questions, topics, and controversies of the field of problematic Internet use. More specifically, it discusses the concept of Internet addiction and its major criticisms, the development process of diagnostic criteria for gaming disorder (GD) as a specific Internet-use-related disorder, the etiology and theoretical models of general and specific problematic Internet use, the assessment and prevalence estimates of problematic Internet use and gaming disorder, and the main treatment approaches. This chapter closes with conclusions and suggestions for future research directions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: Author; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  3. Anderson EL, Steen E, Stavropoulos V. Internet use and problematic internet use: a systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood. Int J Adolesc Youth. 2017;22(4):430–54.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Billieux J, Schimmenti A, Khazaal Y, Maurage P, Heeren A. Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research. J Behav Addict. 2015;4(3):119–23. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Brand M, Rumpf H-J, Demetrovics Z, King DL, Potenza MN, Wegmann E. Gaming disorder is a disorder due to addictive behaviors: evidence from behavioral and neuroscientific studies addressing cue reactivity and craving, executive functions, and decision-making. Curr Addict Rep. 2019;6:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-019-00258-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Brand M, Young KS, Laier C, Wölfling K, Potenza MN. Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: an Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;71:252–66.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Carragher N, Rumpf HJ, Higuchi S, Billieux J, King D, Bowden-Jones H, et al. World Health Organization (WHO) collaborative project on the development of an international diagnostic interview for gaming disorder. J Behav Addict. 2019;8(Supplement 1):59.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Chen S-H, Weng L-J, Su Y-J, Wu H-M, Yang P-F. Development of a Chinese Internet addiction scale and its psychometric study. Chin J Psychol. 2003;45(3):279–94.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Davis RA. A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use. Comput Hum Behav. 2001;17(2):187–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00041-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Demetrovics Z, Szeredi B, Rózsa S. The three-factor model of internet addiction: the development of the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire. Behav Res Methods. 2008;40(2):563–74. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.2.563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Griffiths MD. Internet addiction: an issue for clinical psychology? Clin Psychol Forum. 1996;97:32–6.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Griffiths MD. Internet addiction: internet fuels other addictions. Stud Br Med J. 1999;7:428–9.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Griffiths MD. Internet addiction – time to be taken seriously? Addict Res. 2000;8:413–8.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Griffiths MD, van Rooij AJ, Kardefelt-Winther D, Starcevic V, Király O, Pallesen S, et al. Working towards an international consensus on criteria for assessing internet gaming disorder: a critical commentary on Petry et al. (2014). Addiction. 2016;111(1):167–75.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Kardefelt-Winther D. A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: towards a model of compensatory internet use. Comput Hum Behav. 2014;31:351–4.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kim MG, Kim J. Cross-validation of reliability, convergent and discriminant validity for the problematic online game use scale. Comput Hum Behav. 2010;26(3):389–98.

    Google Scholar 

  17. King DL. Screening tools for gaming disorder: what, how, why? J Behav Addict. 2019;8(Supplement 1):34.

    Google Scholar 

  18. King DL, Delfabbro PH, Griffiths MD. Cognitive behavioral therapy for problematic video game players: conceptual considerations and practice issues. J Cyberther Rehabil. 2010;3:261–73.

    Google Scholar 

  19. King DL, Delfabbro PH, Griffiths MD, Gradisar M. Assessing clinical trials of Internet addiction treatment: a systematic review and CONSORT evaluation. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(7):1110–6.

    Google Scholar 

  20. King DL, Haagsma MC, Delfabbro PH, Gradisar M, Griffiths MD. Toward a consensus definition of pathological video-gaming: a systematic review of psychometric assessment tools. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33(3):331–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.01.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Király O, Bőthe B, Diaz JR, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Lukavska K, Hrabec O, et al. Ten-item internet gaming disorder test (IGDT-10): measurement invariance and cross-cultural validation across seven language-based samples. Psychol Addict Behav. 2019;33:91–103. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Király O, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z. Internet gaming disorder and the DSM-5: conceptualization, debates, and controversies. Curr Addict Rep. 2015;2(3):254–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0066-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Király O, Nagygyörgy K, Koronczai B, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z. Assessment of problematic internet use and online video gaming. In: Aboujaoude E, Starcevic V, editors. Mental health in the digital age: grave dangers, great promise. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015. p. 46–68.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Király O, Sleczka P, Pontes HM, Urbán R, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z. Validation of the ten-item internet gaming disorder test (IGDT-10) and evaluation of the nine DSM-5 internet gaming disorder criteria. Addict Behav. 2017;64:253–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.11.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Ko CH, Yen JY, Yen CF, Chen CC, Yen CN, Chen SH. Screening for Internet addiction: an empirical study on cut-off points for the Chen Internet Addiction Scale. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2005;21:545. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1607-551x(09)70206-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Ko CH, Yen JY, Yen CF, Chen CS, Chen CC. The association between Internet addiction and psychiatric disorder: a review of the literature. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.04.011.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Konkolÿ Thege B, Woodin EM, Hodgins DC, Williams RJ. Natural course of behavioral addictions: a 5-year longitudinal study. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15(1):4.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD, Karila L, Billieux J. Internet addiction: a systematic review of epidemiological research for the last decade. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20:4026–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kuss DJ, Lopez-Fernandez O. Internet addiction and problematic Internet use: a systematic review of clinical research. World J Psychiatry. 2016;6(1):143–76. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Laconi S, Rodgers RF, Chabrol H. The measurement of Internet addiction: a critical review of existing scales and their psychometric properties. Comput Hum Behav. 2014;41:190–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.026.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Laconi S, Urbán R, Kaliszewska-Czeremska K, Kuss DJ, Gnisci A, Sergi I, et al. Psychometric evaluation of the nine-item Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ-9) in nine European samples of internet users. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:136. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Lam LT. Risk factors of Internet addiction and the health effect of internet addiction on adolescents: a systematic review of longitudinal and prospective studies. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014;16(11):508.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Leiner BM, Cerf VG, Clark DD, Kahn RE, Kleinrock L, Lynch DC, et al. The past and future history of the Internet. Commun ACM. 1997;40(2):102–8.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Lemmens JS, Valkenburg PM, Gentile DA. The internet gaming disorder scale. Psychol Assess. 2015;27(2):567–82. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000062.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Lopez-Fernandez O, Griffiths MD, Kuss DJ, Dawes C, Pontes HM, Justice L, et al. Cross-cultural validation of the compulsive internet use scale in four forms and eight languages. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2019;22:451. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Maraz A, Király O, Demetrovics Z. The diagnostic pitfalls of surveys: if you score positive on a test of addiction, you still have a good chance not to be addicted. A response to Billieux et al. 2015. J Behav Addict. 2015;4(3):151–4. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.026.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Meerkerk GJ, Van Den Eijnden RJ, Vermulst AA, Garretsen HF. The Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS): some psychometric properties. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2009;12(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Müller KW, Beutel M, Wölfling K. A contribution to the clinical characterization of Internet addiction in a sample of treatment seekers: validity of assessment, severity of psychopathology and type of co-morbidity. Compr Psychiatry. 2014;55(4):770–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.01.010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Petry NM, Rehbein F, Gentile DA, Lemmens JS, Rumpf HJ, Mossle T, et al. An international consensus for assessing internet gaming disorder using the new DSM-5 approach. Addiction. 2014;109(9):1399–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Pontes HM, Griffiths MD. Measuring DSM-5 internet gaming disorder: development and validation of a short psychometric scale. Comput Hum Behav. 2015;45:137–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Pontes HM, Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Clinical psychology of Internet addiction: a review of its conceptualization, prevalence, neuronal processes, and implications for treatment. Neurosci Neuroecon. 2015;4:11–23.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Przepiorka AM, Blachnio A, Miziak B, Czuczwar SJ. Clinical approaches to treatment of Internet addiction. Pharmacol Rep. 2014;66(2):187–91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Starcevic V. Is Internet addiction a useful concept? Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2013;47(1):16–9.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Starcevic V. Internet gaming disorder: inadequate diagnostic criteria wrapped in a constraining conceptual model: commentary on: Chaos and confusion in DSM-5 diagnosis of Internet Gaming Disorder: issues, concerns, and recommendations for clarity in the field (Kuss et al.). J Behav Addict. 2017;6(2):110–3. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Wölfling K, Beutel M, Müller K. Construction of a standardized clinical interview to assess internet addiction: first findings regarding the usefulness of AICA-C. J Addict Res Ther. 2012;6:003.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Wölfling K, Müller K, Beutel M. Diagnostische Testverfahren: Skala zum Onlinesuchtverhalten bei Erwachsenen (OSVe-S). In: Mücken D, Teske A, Rehbein F, te Wildt BT, editors. Prävention, Diagnostik und Therapie von Computerspielabhängigkeit. Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers; 2010. p. 212–5.

    Google Scholar 

  47. World Health Organization. ICD-11 for mortality and morbidity statistics. 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018, from https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en.

  48. Young KS. Psychology of computer use: XL. Addictive use of the Internet: a case that breaks the stereotype. Psychol Rep. 1996;79(3):899–902. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3.899.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Young KS. Caught in the net: how to recognize the signs of Internet addiction and a winning strategy for recovery. New York: Wiley; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Young KS. Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychol Behav. 1998;1:237–44.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This chapter was supported by the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and by the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (Grant nos. KKP126835, NKFIH-1157-8/2019-DT). Orsolya Király was supported by the ÚNKP-19-4 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zsolt Demetrovics .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Király, O., Demetrovics, Z. (2021). Problematic Internet Use. In: el-Guebaly, N., Carrà, G., Galanter, M., Baldacchino, A.M. (eds) Textbook of Addiction Treatment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36391-8_67

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36391-8_67

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-36390-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-36391-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics