Skip to main content

From the Mountains and Glaciers Down to the Rivers to the Estuaries and Oceans: Another Sad Tale of 18 or so Rivers

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Hindu Kush-Himalaya Watersheds Downhill: Landscape Ecology and Conservation Perspectives

Abstract

Watersheds of the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region (HKH) feed by now easily over 2 billion people. They contribute greatly to the world’s GDP and affect world peace. As judged by 18 selected major rivers in the HKH region [Mekong, Ganges, Irrawaddy river (Ayeyarwady), Yellow River, Heilongyang/Amur, Yangtze river, Indus, Onon river, Tarim river, Gandaki river, Koshi river, Yarlung-Tsangpo river, Yamuna river (Jumna), Padma river, Brahmaputra river, Jhelum river, Illi river and Amu Darya river (Amo or Oxus)], the current situation of those watersheds is in a generic change and decay. There is virtually no good future outlook for those wild rivers while globalization and its development remains ongoing, widely unabated, and with climate change on the rise.

Everybody Lives Upstream

(ICIMOD 2018)

Publisher’s Note – Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    It is difficult to not agree here with Ripple et al. (2017)

References

  • Abell R, Thieme ML, Revenga C, Bryer M, Kottelat M, Bogutskaya N, Coad B et al (2008) Freshwater ecoregions of the world: a new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation. Bioscience 58:403–414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander JC (2013) The dark side of modernity. Polity Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong RL, Rittger K, Brodzik MJ et al (2019) Runoff from glacier ice and seasonal snow in high Asia: separating melt water sources in river flowReg. Environ Change 19:1249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-018-1429-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bajracharya SR, Shresta R (2011) The status of glaciers in the Hindu Kush – Himalayan region. ICIMOD, Kathmandu

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatt MP (2015) Water quality and flux of Baghmati river within Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. In: Subramanian V (ed) Surface and sub-surface waters in Asia. IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp 234–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaikie PM, Muldavin JS (2004) Upstream, downstream, China, India: the politics of environment in the Himalayan region. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 94:520–548. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.00412.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boorks KN, Folliott PF (2012) Hydrology and the management of watersheds, 4th edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Buckley M (2014) Meltdown in Tibet: China’s reckless destruction of ecosystems from the highlands of Tibet to the Deltas of Asia. St. Martin’s Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Cockburn A (2013) A colossal wreck: a road trip through political scandal. Verso Press, Corruption and American Culture

    Google Scholar 

  • Colander D (2000) The death of neoclassic economics. J Hist Econ Thought 22:127–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daly H, Farley J (2010) Ecological economics. Principles and applications, 2nd edn. Island Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond JA (1997) Guns, germs, and steel. The fates of human societies. W.W. Norton & Company, New York/London

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong S, Bandyopadhhyay J, Chaturvedi S (2017) Environmental sustainability from the Himalayas to the oceans: struggles and innovations in China and India. Springer, Cham

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dudgeon D (1992) Endangered ecosystems: a review of the conservation status of tropical Asian rivers. Hydrobiologia 248:167. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00006146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elvin M (2004) The retreat of the elephants: an environmental history of China. Yale University Press, New Haven

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson R (2005) The devil and the Disappearing Sea: a true story about the Aral Sea catastrophe. Raincoast books, Vancouver

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaohuan L, Drost HJ (1997) Atlas of the Yellow river delta. State key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System (LREIS) Research Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment UNDP Netherlands, Ministry for Transport, Public Works and Water Management ISBN:7-5030-0904-7

    Google Scholar 

  • Goel PS, Ravindra R, Chattopadhyaya S (eds) (2018) Science and geopolitics of the white world: Arctic-Antarctic-Himalaya. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Harari YN (2015) Sapiens: a brief history of humankind. Harper Publishers, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris J (2008) Wildlife conservation in China: preserving the habitat of China’s wild west. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Huettmann F (2012) Protection of the three poles. Springer, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ICIMOD (2017a) A multi-dimensional assessment of ecosystems and ecosystem Services at Inle Lake, Myanmar: ICIMOD Working Paper 2017/17 ICIMOD paper. Katmandu, Nepal

    Google Scholar 

  • ICIMOD (2017b) The watershed approach for the changing climate of the Hindu Kush Himalaya : ICIMOD Working Paper 2017/11, Katmandu, Nepal

    Google Scholar 

  • ICIMOD (2017c) Workshop on the water-livelihoods-gender nexus to advance Koshi Basin management. 24–25. March 2016, Kathmandu, Nepal. Workshop Report 2017. ICIMOD, Kathmandu

    Google Scholar 

  • ICIMOD (2018) Upstream-downstream Linkages for Catchment Level Water Use Master Plans (WUMP) in the Mid-hills of Nepal. ICIMOD Working Paper 2017/23. http://lib.icimod.org/record/33716?ln=en

  • Immerzeel WW, Van Beek LPH, Bierkens MFP (2010) Climate change will affect the Asian water towers. Science 328(5984):1382–1385

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karmay SG, Watt J (eds) (2007) Bon. The magic word: the indigenous religion of Tibet. Rubin Museum of Art/Philip Wilson Publishers, New York/London

    Google Scholar 

  • Lama T. (2012) Kailash Mandala: A Pilgrim’s Trekking Guide. 2. Kathmandu Nepal

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Trong C, Rambo AT, Gillogly K (1991) Too many people, too little land: the human ecology of a wet rice-growing village in the Red River Delta of Vietnam. Southeast Asian Universities Agroecosystem Network, Hanoi University. Center for Natural Resources Management and Environmental Studies, SUAN-EWC-CRES Workshop on Sustainable Rural Resource Management and Biological Diversity Conservation: Hanoi and Thai Binh, Vietnam

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebreton LCM, van der Zwet J, Damsteeg J-W, Slat B, Andrady A, Reisser J (2017) River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans. Nat Commun 8:1561. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15611

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsey RK, Paulhus JL, Kohler M (1982) Hydrology for Engineers, McGraw-Hill Series in Water Resources & Environmental Engineering, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe C (2004) Making the monkey: how the Togean macaque went from “New Form” to “Endemic Species” in Indonesians’ conservation biology. Cult Anthropol 19:491–516. https://doi.org/10.1525/can.2004.19.4.491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon, J., Y.I. Verkuil, and N. Murray (2012) IUCN situation analysis on East and Southeast Asian intertidal habitats, with particular reference to the Yellow Sea (including the Bohai Sea). Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 47. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK 70 pages

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden S (2019) Protecting the third pole: transplanting international law. Elgar Publishing, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Miller JD, Immerzeel WW, Rees G (2012) Climate change impacts on glacier hydrology and river discharge in the Hindu Kush–Himalayas: a synthesis of the scientific basis. Mt Res Dev 32:461–467. https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-12-00027.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mint-U T (2007) The river of lost footsteps: a personal history of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux publisher, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitra A (2019) Estuarine pollution in the lower Gangetic Delta. Springer, New Delhi

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mizra MQ (1997) The runoff sensitivity of the Ganges River basin to climatic change and its implications. J Environ Hydrol 5:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostrom E (1990) Governing the commons: the evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrom E, Hess C (2007) Understanding knowledge as a commons: from theory to practice. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauly D, Christensen V, Dalsgaard J, Froese R, Torres F Jr (1998) Fishing down marine food webs. Science 279:860–863. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5352.860

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peters G (2010) Seeds of terror: how drugs, thugs, and crime are reshaping the afghan war. Picador Publishers, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Petr T (1992) Lake Balkash, Kazakhstan. Int J Salt Lake Res 1:21–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF, and 15,364 scientist signatories from 184 countries (2017) World scientists’ warning to humanity: a second notice. Bioscience 67:197–200. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosales J (2008) Economic growth, climate change, biodiversity loss: distributive justice for the global North and South. Conserv Biol 22:1409–1417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabo JI, Ruhl A, Holtgrieve GW, Elliott V, Arias ME, Nigor PB, Rasanen TA, Nam S (2017) Designing river flows to improve food security futures in the lower Mekong Basin. Science 358:1270

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonov EA, Dahmer TD (eds) (2008) Amur-Heilong River Basin Reader. Ecosystems Ltd., Hong Kong

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh M (2001) Heavy metal pollution in freshly deposited sediments of the Yamuna River (the Ganges River tributary): a case study from Delhi and Agra urban centres. Environ Geol 40:664–671

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Surendra PS, Thadani R (2015) Complexities and controversies in Himalayan research: a call for collaboration and rigor for better data. Mt Res Dev 35(4):401–409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The Guardian (2017) Rapid urbanization, dwindling groundwater reserves and changing rain patterns are driving a water crisis in the lower Himalayas of India and Nepal 27th Dec.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vörösmarty CJ, McIntyre PB, Gessner MO, Dudgeon D, Prusevich A, Green P, Glidden S, Bunn SE, Sullivan CA, Reidy Liermann C, Davies PM (2010) Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature 467:555–561. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09440

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xuesong H, Guo Y, Mi C, Huettmann F, Wen L (2017) Machine learning model analysis of breeding habitats for the Blacknecked Crane in Central Asian uplands under Anthropogenic pressures. Sci Rep 7, Article number:6114. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06167-2. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-06167-2

  • Yeung LW, Yamashita N, Taniyasu S, Lam PKS et al (2009) A survey of perfluorinated compounds in surface water and biota including dolphins from the Ganges River and in other waterbodies in India. Chemosphere 76:55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.055

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Falk Huettmann .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Huettmann, F. (2020). From the Mountains and Glaciers Down to the Rivers to the Estuaries and Oceans: Another Sad Tale of 18 or so Rivers. In: Regmi, G., Huettmann, F. (eds) Hindu Kush-Himalaya Watersheds Downhill: Landscape Ecology and Conservation Perspectives. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36275-1_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics