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What Is a “Lone Wolf”?

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Abstract

Terrorism as such is already a “complicated, eclectic phenomenon.” It can be defined as “an anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action.” Different governments, institutions, scholars and journalists have their own criteria when it comes to deciding how to label violence which is linked to political, religious, social, and other causes. Approaching the lone wolf is more demanding.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Cf. Hendrik Hegemann /Martin Kahl : Terrorismus und Terrorismusbekämpfung. Eine Einführung, Wiesbaden 2018, p. 5.

  2. 2.

    Joseph J. Easson /Alex P. Schmid : 250-plus Academic, Governmental and Intergovernmental Definitions of Terrorism, in: Alex P. Schmid (ed.): The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research, London/New York 2011, pp. 99–157, here p. 129.

  3. 3.

    Jeffrey D. Simon: Lone Wolf Terrorism. Understanding The Growing Threat, New York 2016, pp. 259–266.

  4. 4.

    Thomas Kron : Reflexiver Terrorismus, Weilerswist 2015, p. 423.

  5. 5.

    Cf. Peter Waldmann : Determinanten des Terrorismus, Weilerswist 2005, p. 15.

  6. 6.

    Cf. Hans Joachim Schneider : Kriminologie der Gewalt, Stuttgart/Leipzig 1994, p. 175.

  7. 7.

    According to Peter A. Neumann : Der Terror ist unter uns. Dschihadismus und Radikalisierung in Europa, Berlin 2016, p. 181.

  8. 8.

    According to Pauline Garaude : „Einsame Wölfe gibt es nicht“, in: Die Weltwoche of 30 May 2015.

  9. 9.

    Cf. Mark S. Hamm/Ramón Spaaij : The Age of Lone Wolf Terrorism, New York 2017, p. 13.

  10. 10.

    Jeffrey D. Simon : Lone Wolf Terrorism. Understanding The Growing Threat, New York 2016, Preface: IX.

  11. 11.

    According to a broad assessment by Ramón Spaaij : Understanding Lone Wolf Terrorism. Global Patterns, Motivations and Prevention, amongst other things 2012.

  12. 12.

    Search of 31 July 2017.

  13. 13.

    Cf. Nash, Jay Robert : “Terrorism in the 20th century. A narrative Encyclopedia from the Anarchists through the Westermen to the Unabomber” , New York 1995, pp. 275–282.

  14. 14.

    Cf. Ramón Spaaij : Understanding Lone Wolf Terrorism. Global Patterns, Motivations and Prevention, Heidelberg et al., 2012.

  15. 15.

    According to Jeffrey D. Simon : The Alphabet Bomber. A Lone Wolf Terrorist ahead of his time, Nebraska 2019, p. 163.

  16. 16.

    Cf. Gabriel Weimann : “Lone Wolves in the Cyberspace”, in: Journal of Terrorism Research, 3 (2012) 2, pp. 75–90.

  17. 17.

    Cf. Jeffrey Kaplan /Heléne Lööw /Lena Malkki : “Introduction”, in: Ditto. (eds.): Lone Wolf and Autonomous Cell Terrorism, London/New York 2015, pp. 1–12, here p. 4.

  18. 18.

    According to Kathleen M. Puckett/Therry D. Turchie : The American Terrorist. The FBI’s War On Homegrown Terror, New York 2007, p. 239 und 270 f. This extract explains the blind following, from the support for totalitarian systems. The standard work about this was written by the social psychologist Eric Hoffer : The True Believer, New York City 1951. This book is topical again today, for example to explain the support of the “angry white man” for Donald Trump in the years 2015/2016 during his nomination and above all the election battle.

  19. 19.

    Cf. Louise Richardson : Was Terroristen wollen. Die Ursachen der Gewalt und wie wir sie bekämpfen können, Frankfurt on Main/New York 2007, pp. 126–141.

  20. 20.

    Louise Richardson : Was Terroristen wollen. Die Ursachen der Gewalt und wie wir sie bekämpfen können, Frankfurt on Main/New York 2007, p. 81.

  21. 21.

    Cf. Jürgen Osterhammel : Die Verwandlung der Welt. Eine Geschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts, Munich 2009, p. 799.

  22. 22.

    Cf. Louise Richardson : Was Terroristen wollen. Die Ursachen der Gewalt und wie wir sie bekämpfen können, Frankfurt on Main/New York 2007, p. 65.

  23. 23.

    Richard Bach Jensen: The Pre-1914 Anarchist “Lone Wolf” Terrorist and Governmental Responses, in: Jeffrey Kaplan /Heléne Lööw /Leena Malkki (eds.): Lone Wolf and Autonomous Cell Terrorism, London/New York 2015, pp. 86–94.

  24. 24.

    Cf. Sven Felix Kellerhoff : „Rechtsterrorismus – Es begann im Jahr 1919“, in: Die Welt, 14 November 2011, https://www.welt.de/kultur/history/article13716280/Rechtsterrorismus-Es-begann-im-Jahr-1919.html.

  25. 25.

    Miroslav Mareš /Richard Stojar : Extreme right perpetrators, in: Michael Fredholm (ed.): Understanding Lone Actor Terrorism. Past experience, future outlook, and response strategies, London/New York, 2016, pp. 66–86, here p. 66.

  26. 26.

    This term means “white supremacy” and means a racist ideology, which has its origin in slavery during colonial times. The large landowners were not only concerned with the difference between “black” and “white”, but also with the manifestation of a power relationship which from time to time was executed brutally.

  27. 27.

    CNN Suspect in congressional shooting was Bernie Sanders supporter, strongly anti-Trump , 15 June 2017. https://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/14/homepage2/james-hodgkinson-profile/index.html?fbclid=IwAR2zbAsLXwu0szWRLsCGFxCo1RHdAsAwh1OdrRDk6dIa9O2LdUeFsZXbWHU; Washington Post, Emerging portrait of shooting suspect James T. Hodgkinson, 14th June 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/law-enforcement-officials-identify-shooter-at-congressional-ballgame-as-illinois-man/2017/06/14/ba6439f4-510f-11e7-91eb-9611861a988f_story.html.

  28. 28.

    CNN news: Dayton shooter had an obsession with violence and mass shootings, police say, 7 August 2019, https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/05/us/connor-betts-dayton-shooting-profile/index.html.

  29. 29.

    Jeffrey D. Simon : Lone Wolf Terrorism. Understanding The Growing Threat, New York 2016, pp. 171–176.

  30. 30.

    The murder of the tyrant in ancient Rome is a historical figure, such as the murder of Julius Caesar by Marcus Brutus in 44. B.C. Hardly anyone cannot know of this Act, with the last words of the dictator stabbed 23 times “You too, my son?” cf. Meier, Mischa : (K)ein Tyrannenmord: Der Tod des Iulius Caesar 44 v. Chr., in: Georg Schild /Anton Schindling (eds.): Politische Morde in der Geschichte. Von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, Paderborn amongst others 2012, pp. 11–36.

  31. 31.

    Cf. Peter Steinbach /Johannes Tuchel : Georg Elser . Der Hitler -Attentäter, Berlin 2010.

  32. 32.

    Cf. Sven Felix Kellerhoff : Warum irre Attentäter so oft Politiker attackieren, in: Die Welt of 17 June 2016, https://www.welt.de/geschichte/article156310936/Warum-irre-Attentaeter-so-oft-Politiker-attackieren.html called up on 23 April 2018).

  33. 33.

    Nettanel Slyomovics : Why Sirhan Sirhan, a Jerusalem-born Palestinian, Shot Bobby Kennedy, in Haretz.com, 24 May 2018, https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-palestinian-terrorist-or-american-psycho-what-motivated-rfk-s-killer-1.6116114.

  34. 34.

    According to Peter A. Neumann : Der Terror ist unter uns. Dschihadismus und Radikalisierung in Europa, Berlin 2016, p. 183.

  35. 35.

    Cf. Louise Richardson : Was Terroristen wollen. Die Ursachen der Gewalt und wie wir sie bekämpfen können, Frankfurt on Main/New York 2007, p. 61.

  36. 36.

    Cf. Matthias Bartsch amongst others: Die Hinrichtung, in: Der Spiegel, No. 26 of 22 June 2019, pp. 14–23.

  37. 37.

    Deutsche Welle, Walter Lübcke murder raises spectre of neo-Nazi terrorism, 17 June 2019, https://www.dw.com/en/walter-l%C3%BCbcke-murder-raises-specter-of-neo-nazi-terrorism/a-49238157.

  38. 38.

    Quoted according to Jason Burke : “The myth of the “lone wolf”-terrorist”, in: The Guardian of 30 March 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/mar/30/myth-lone-wolf-terrorist.

  39. 39.

    Cf. J. M. Berger : The Turner Legacy, International Centre for Counter-Terrorism—The Hague, 2016, p. 1, https://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/ICCT-Berger-The-Turner-Legacy-September2016-2.pdf).

  40. 40.

    William Pierce: „Grußwort“, in: Holger Apfel (ed.): Alles Große steht im Sturm . Tradition und Zukunft einer nationalen Partei, Stuttgart 1999, no page.

  41. 41.

    Louis Beam: “Leaderless Resistance” , in: The seditionist, 6/1992, http://www.louisbeam.com/leaderless.htm (author’s own translation).

  42. 42.

    Ibid.

  43. 43.

    Cf. Sebastian Gräfe : „Leaderless Resistance and Lone Wolves. Rechtsextreme Theoretiker aus den USA und deren Einfluss in Europa“, in: Eckhard Jesse /Roland Sturm (eds.): Demokratie in Deutschland und Europa, Berlin 2015, pp. 307–321.

  44. 44.

    The number 18 stands for the initials of Adolf Hitler according to the Latin alphabet.

  45. 45.

    Cf. German domestic intelligence services (Verfassungsschutz): Gefahr eines bewaffneten Kampfes deutscher Rechtsextremisten. Entwicklungen von 1997 bis Mitte 2004, Cologne 2004, p. 29 f.

  46. 46.

    Ibid. p. 15 f.

  47. 47.

    Ibid. p. 24 f.

  48. 48.

    Ibid. p. 46.

  49. 49.

    Cf. Ramón Spaaij : “The Enigma of Lone Wolf Terrorism. An Assessment”, in: Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33 (2010), pp. 854–870.

  50. 50.

    Raffaello Pantucci: A Typology of Lone Wolves: Preliminary Analysis of Lone Islamist Terrorists, International Centre for the Study of Radicalization and Political Violence, London 2011, pp 19 f.

  51. 51.

    Paul Jackson : Beyond the “Lone Wolf”: Lone Actor Terrorism and the Far-Right in Europe, in: Aristotle Kallis /Sara Zeiger /Bilgehan Öztürk : Violent Radicalisation and the Far-Right Extremism in Europe, Ankara 2018, pp. 38–53, here p. 39.

  52. 52.

    For example, from Jeffrey D. Simon : Lone Wolf Terrorism. Understanding The Growing Threat, New York 2016.

  53. 53.

    Cf. Steven Pinker : Wie das Denken im Kopf entsteht, Frankfurt/Main 2011, p. 243.

  54. 54.

    Peter A. Neumann : „Kaum ein Terrorist ist ein einsamer Wolf“, in: n-tv.de of 14 October 2016, http://www.n-tv.de/politik/Kaum-ein-Terrorist-ist-ein-einsamer-Wolf-article18854546.html.

  55. 55.

    Cf. Wolfgang Kraushaar : „Einleitung. Zur Topologie des RAF-Terrorismus“ , in: Wolfgang Kraushaar (ed.): Die RAF und der linke Terrorismus, Hamburg 2006, p. 26f.

  56. 56.

    Jens Hoffmann: „Bedrohungsmanagement und psychologische Aspekte der Radikalisierung“, in: Nils Böckler /Jens Hoffmann (eds.): Radikalisierung und terroristische Gewalt, Frankfurt on Main 2017, p. 279.

  57. 57.

    Cf. Judith Thier : “Amok”, in: Kriminologielexikon online, http://www.krimlex.de/artikel.php?BUCHSTABE=&KL_ID=221.

  58. 58.

    According to Britta Bannenberg : “Amok”, in: Christian Gudehus /Michaela Christ (eds.): Gewalt. Ein interdisziplinäres Handbuch, Stuttgart/Weimar 2013, p. 99.

  59. 59.

    Cited after Markus C. Schulte von Drach : „Rache der gestörten Persönlichkeit“, in: Süddeutsche Zeitung, 22 May 2010, http://www.sueddeutsche.de/leben/die-psyche-der-amoklaeufer-rache-der-gestoerten-persoenlichkeit-1.863414.

  60. 60.

    Cf. Torsten Preuß : Terrorismus und Innere Sicherheit. Eine Untersuchung der politischen Reaktionen in Deutschland auf die Anschläge des 11. September 2001, Dissertation, Universität Leipzig, 2012, p. 42, http://www.qucosa.de/fileadmin/data/qucosa/documents/8861/20120602_Torsten_Preu%C3%9F_Terrorismus_und_Innere_Sicherheit.pdf.

  61. 61.

    Richard Albrecht: „Nur ein „Amokläufer“? – Sozialpsychologische Zeitdiagnose nach „Erfurt““, in: Recht und Politik, 28 (2002) 3, p. 143.

  62. 62.

    Eric Gujer : „Terrorismus und Wahn“, in: Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 28/29 April 2012, p. 1.

  63. 63.

    Cited after ARD Fakt : „München-Attentat: Warum viele Hintergründe im Dunkeln bleiben”, Report: Christian Bergmann /Marcus Weller , broadcast on 22 August 2017, 21.45 h.

  64. 64.

    Cf. Gabriel Weimann : Terrorism in Cyberspace, Chapter 3 “Lone Wolves in Cyberspace”, Washington D. C. 2015, pp. 63–75.

  65. 65.

    Cf. Julia Ebner : The Rage. The Vicious Circle of Islamist and Far-Right Extremism, London 2017.

  66. 66.

    Cf. Wolfgang Kraushaar : „Einleitung. Zur Topologie des RAF-Terrorismus,“ in: Wolfgang Kraushaar (ed.): Die RAF und der linke Terrorismus, Hamburg 2006, pp. 16–17.

  67. 67.

    Peter A. Neumann : Der Terror ist unter uns. Dschihadismus und Radikalisierung in Europa, Berlin 2016, p. 187.

  68. 68.

    Cf. Manuel Bewarder /Florian Flade : „IS schult Kämpfer, damit Sie mit Asyl umgehen können“, in: Die Welt of 13 November 2016, https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article159451941/IS-schult-Kaempfer-damit-sie-Asyl-beantragen-koennen.html.

  69. 69.

    Masala, Carlo : Weltunordnung. Die globalen Krisen und das Versagen des Westens, Munich 2016, p. 126.

  70. 70.

    “Rumiyah” is The Arabic name for the city of Rome. The centre of the Catholic Church is considered the main enemy.

  71. 71.

    Cf. Daveed Gartenstein-Ross /Nathaniel Barr : “The Myth of Lone-Wolf Terrorism. The Attacks in Europe and Digital Extremism,” in: Foreign Affairs, July 2016.

  72. 72.

    Cf. Daniel Byman : “How to Hunt a Lone Wolf. Countering Terrorists Who Act on Their Own”, in: Foreign Affairs, 2/2017, p. 101.

  73. 73.

    Cf. Nahlah Saimeh : Ich bringe Dich um! Hass und Gewalt in unserer Gesellschaft, Salzburg/Munich 2017, p. 190.

  74. 74.

    Åsne Seierstad : „Rechtsterror und Islamismus machen sich gegenseitig stark“ (Interview), in: Der Standard of 3 March 2018.

  75. 75.

    Quoted after Bernhard Rabert : Links- und Rechtsterrorismus in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland von 1970 bis heute, Munich 1995, p. 309.

  76. 76.

    See Hanna Runeborg : Targeting herself. Female lone actors, in: Michael Fredholm (ed.): Understanding Lone Actor Terrorism. Past experience, future outlook, and response strategies, London/New York, 2016, pp. 136–159.

  77. 77.

    Cf. Peter A. Neumann : Der Terror ist unter uns. Dschihadismus und Radikalisierung in Europa, Berlin 2016, pp. 191–196 and 257–261.

  78. 78.

    Cf. ibid. p. 260.

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Hartleb, F. (2020). What Is a “Lone Wolf”?. In: Lone Wolves. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36153-2_2

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