Abstract
This chapter presents a model for integrated psychosocial and pharmacological treatment for self-injurious behavior, incorporating behavioral and other psychosocial components with rational pharmacological elements and considering possibilities for stratified intervention. We review the evidence base relevant to behavioral interventions for emergent, operant, and stereotyped self-injury, and behavioral and pharmacological treatment of habitual/impulsive and compulsive self-injury, considering evidence for effectiveness of and possible adverse events associated with pharmacological and behavioral interventions. Specifically, we review in detail evidence related to use of noncontingent reinforcement, functional communication training, progressive exposure with reinforcement, and “second-generation” or atypical antipsychotic medications. The chapter describes clinically relevant methods for wide-range assessment of treatment impact. Issues in the long-term maintenance of behavioral components of interventions are discussed, as are methods for maintaining treatment integrity and the robustness of these interventions if intervention fidelity is compromised over time. The issue of “relapse” following successful intervention, and appropriate clinical intervention in the face of relapse, is also considered.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adler, B. A., Wink, L. K., Early, M., Shaffer, R., Minshawi, N., McDougle, C. J., & Erickson, C. A. (2015). Drug-refractory aggression, self-injurious behavior, and severe tantrums in autism spectrum disorders: A chart review study. Autism, 19(1), 102–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361314524641
Aman, M. G., Arnold, L. E., & Armstrong, S. C. (1999). Review of serotonergic agents and perseverative behavior in patients with developmental disabilities. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 5(4), 279–289. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1999)5:4<279::AID-MRDD5>3.0.CO;2-6
Aman, M., Buitelaar, J., De Smedt, G., Wapenaar, R., & Binder, C. (2005). Pharmacotherapy of disruptive behavior and item changes on a standardized rating scale: Pooled analysis of risperidone effects in children with subaverage IQ. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 15(2), 220–232. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2005.15.220
Aman, M. G., Burrow, W. H., & Wolford, P. L. (1995). The Aberrant Behavior Checklist-community: Factor validity and effect of subject variables for adults in group homes. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 100(3), 283–292.
Aman, M. G., De Smedt, G., Derivan, A., Lyons, B., Findling, R. L., Hagerman, R., … Swanson, J. (2002). Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone for the treatment of disruptive behaviors in children with subaverage intelligence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(8), 1337–1346. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.8.1337
Aman, M. G., Kasper, W., Manos, G., Mathew, S., Marcus, R., Owen, R., & Mankoski, R. (2010). Line-item analysis of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist: Results from two studies of aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability associated with autistic disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 20(5), 415–422. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2009.0120
Aman, M. G., & Madrid, A. (1999). Atypical antipsychotics in persons with developmental disabilities. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 5(4), 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1999)5:4<253::AID-MRDD2>3.0.CO;2-R
Aman, M. G., Singh, N. N., Stewart, A. W., & Field, C. J. (1985a). The Aberrant Behavior Checklist: A behavior rating scale for the assessment of treatment effects. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 89(5), 485–491.
Aman, M. G., Singh, N. N., Stewart, A. W., & Field, C. J. (1985b). Psychometric characteristics of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 89(5), 492–502.
Aman, M. G., Singh, N. N., & Turbott, S. H. (1987). Reliability of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist and the effect of variations in instructions. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 92(2), 237–240.
Aman, M. G., Tassé, M. J., Rojahn, J., & Hammer, D. (1996). The Nisonger CBRF: A child behavior rating form for children with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 17(1), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-4222(95)00039-9
Anderson, G. M., Scahill, L., McCracken, J. T., McDougle, C. J., Aman, M. G., Tierney, E., … Vitiello, B. (2007). Effects of short- and long-term risperidone treatment on prolactin levels in children with autism. Biological Psychiatry, 61(4), 545–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.02.032
Arnold, L. E., Aman, M. G., Cook, A. M., Witwer, A. N., Hall, K. L., Thompson, S., & Ramadan, Y. (2006). Atomoxetine for hyperactivity in autism spectrum disorders: Placebo-controlled crossover pilot trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(10), 1196–1205. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000231976.28719.2a
Arnold, L. E., Vitiello, B., McDougle, C., Scahill, L., Shah, B., Gonzalez, N. M., … Tierney, E. (2003). Parent-defined target symptoms respond to risperidone in RUPP autism study: Customer approach to clinical trials. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(12), 1443–1450. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200312000-00011
Austin, J. E., & Tiger, J. H. (2015). Providing alternative reinforcers to facilitate tolerance to delayed reinforcement following functional communication training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 48(3), 663–668. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.215
Baghdadli, A., Picot, M. C., Pry, R., Michelon, C., Burzstejn, C., Lazartigues, A., & Aussilloux, C. (2008). What factors are related to a negative outcome of self-injurious behaviour during childhood in pervasive developmental disorders? Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 21(2), 142–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2007.00389.x
Bailey, J., McComas, J. J., Benavides, C., & Lovascz, C. (2002). Functional assessment in a residential setting: Identifying an effective communicative replacement response for aggressive behavior. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 14(4), 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020382819146
Baker, P. A. (2000). Measurement of community participation and use of leisure by service users with intellectual disabilities: The Guernsey Community Participation and Leisure Assessment (GCPLA). Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 13(3), 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-3148.2000.00015.x
Bihm, E. M., & Poindexter, A. R. (1991). Cross-validation of the factor structure of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist for persons with mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 96(2), 209–211.
Biswas, A. B., Bhaumik, S., & Branford, D. (2001). Treatment-emergent behavioural side effects with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors in adults with learning disabilities. Human Psychopharmacology, 16(2), 133–137. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.233
Bloom, S. E., & Lambert, J. M. (2015). Implications for practice: Resurgence and differential reinforcement of alternative responding. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 48(4), 781–784. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.266
Bodfish, J. W., & Lewis, M. H. (2002). Self-injury and comorbid behaviors in developmental, neurological, psychiatric, and genetic disorders. In S. R. Schroeder, M. L. Oster-Granite, & T. Thompson (Eds.), Self-injurious behavior: Gene-brain-behavior relationships (pp. 23–39). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Bowring, D. L., Totsika, V., Hastings, R. P., & Toogood, S. (2018). Toward data-based clinical decision making for adults with challenging behavior using the Behavior Problems Inventory-short form (BPI-S). Tizard Learning Disability Review, 23(2), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1108/TLDR-06-2017-0025
Breese, G. R., Knapp, D. J., Criswell, H. E., Moy, S. S., Papadeas, S. T., & Blake, B. L. (2005). The neonate-6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat: A model for clinical neuroscience and neurobiological principles. Brain Research Reviews, 48(1), 57–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.08.004
Briggs, A. M., Fisher, W. W., Greer, B. D., & Kimball, R. T. (2018). Prevalence of resurgence of destructive behavior when thinning reinforcement schedules during functional communication training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 51(3), 620–633. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.472
Call, N. A., Clark, S. B., Mevers, J. L., Parks, N. A., Volkert, V. M., & Scheithauer, M. C. (2018). An individualized method for establishing and thinning multiple schedules of reinforcement following functional communication training. Learning and Motivation, 62, 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2017.03.006
Carr, E. G. (1977). The motivation of self-injurious behavior: A review of some hypotheses. Psychological Bulletin, 84(4), 800–816. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.84.4.800
Carr, E. G., & Durand, V. M. (1985). Reducing behavior problems through functional communication training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18(2), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1985.18-111
Carr, J. E., & LeBlanc, L. A. (2006). Noncontingent reinforcement as antecedent behavior support. In J. K. Luiselli (Ed.), Antecedent assessment and intervention (pp. 147–164). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
Carr, J. E., Severtson, J. M., & Lepper, T. L. (2009). Noncontingent reinforcement is an empirically supported treatment for problem behavior exhibited by individuals with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30(1), 44–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2008.03.002
Chadwick, O., Kusel, Y., Cuddy, M., & Taylor, E. (2005). Psychiatric diagnoses and behaviour problems from childhood to early adolescence in young people with severe intellectual disabilities. Psychological Medicine, 35(5), 751–760. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291704003733
Chezan, L. C., Gable, R. A., McWhorter, G. Z., & White, S. D. (2017). Current perspectives on interventions for self-injurious behavior of children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Behavioral Education, 26(3), 293–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10864-017-9269-4
Cohen, I. L., Tsiouris, J. A., Flory, M. J., Kim, S. Y., Freedland, R., Heaney, G., … Brown, W. T. (2010). A large scale study of the psychometric characteristics of the IBR Modified Overt Aggression Scale: Findings and evidence for increased self-destructive behaviors in adult females with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(5), 599–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0908-z
Cooper, S.-A., Smiley, E., Allan, L. M., Jackson, A., Finlayson, J., Mantry, D., & Morrison, J. (2009). Adults with intellectual disabilities: Prevalence, incidence and remission of self-injurious behaviour, and related factors. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(3), 200–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01060.x
Cowdery, G. E., Iwata, B. A., & Pace, G. M. (1990). Effects and side effects of DRO as treatment for self-injurious behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23(4), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1990.23-497
Crosland, K. A., Zarcone, J. R., Lindauer, S. E., Valdovinos, M. G., Zarcone, T. J., Hellings, J. A., & Schroeder, S. R. (2003). Use of functional analysis methodology in the evaluation of medication effects. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33(3), 271–279. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024402500425
Davies, L. E., & Oliver, C. (2016). Self-injury, aggression and destruction in children with severe intellectual disability: Incidence, persistence and novel, predictive behavioural risk markers. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 49–50, 291–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2015.12.003
Day, H. M., Horner, R. H., & O’Neill, R. E. (1994). Multiple functions of problem behaviors: Assessment and intervention. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27(2), 279–289. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1994.27-279
DeLeon, I. G., Anders, B. M., Rodriguez-Catter, V., & Neidert, P. L. (2000). The effects of noncontingent access to single-versus multiple-stimulus sets on self-injurious behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33(4), 623–626. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2000.33-623
Derby, K. M., Fisher, W. W., Piazza, C. C., Wilke, A. E., & Johnson, W. (1998). The effects of noncontingent and contingent attention for self-injury, manding, and collateral responses. Behavior Modification, 22(4), 474–484. https://doi.org/10.1177/01454455980224002
Dimian, A. F., Botteron, K. N., Dager, S. R., Elison, J. T., Estes, A. M., Pruett, J. R., … Wolff, J. J. (2017). Potential risk factors for the development of self-injurious behavior among infants at risk for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(5), 1403–1415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3057-9
Durand, V. M. (1999). Functional communication training using assistive devices: Recruiting natural communities of reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 32(3), 247–267. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1999.32-247
Durand, V. M., & Moskowitz, L. (2015). Functional communication training: Thirty years of treating challenging behavior. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 35(2), 116–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271121415569509
Dymond, S., Dunsmoor, J. E., Vervliet, B., Roche, B., & Hermans, D. (2015). Fear generalization in humans: Systematic review and implications for anxiety disorder research. Behavior Therapy, 46(5), 561–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2014.10.001
Fallah, M. S., Shaikh, M. R., Neupane, B., Rusiecki, D., Bennett, T. A., & Beyene, J. (2019). Atypical antipsychotics for irritability in pediatric autism: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 29(3), 168–180. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2018.0115
Farmer, C. A., & Aman, M. G. (2013). Pharmacological intervention for disruptive behaviors in intellectual and developmental disabilities: The glass is half full. International Review of Research in Developmental Disabilities, 44, 281–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-401662-0.00009-9
Findling, R. L., Aman, M. G., Eerdekens, M., Derivan, A., & Lyons, B. (2004). Long-term, open-label study of risperidone in children with severe disruptive behaviors and below-average IQ. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(4), 677–684. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.4.677
Findling, R. L., Mankoski, R., Timko, K., Lears, K., McCartney, T., McQuade, R. D., … Sheehan, J. J. (2014). A randomized controlled trial investigating the safety and efficacy of aripiprazole in the long-term maintenance treatment of pediatric patients with irritability associated with autistic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75(1), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08500
Fisher, W. W., Greer, B. D., Craig, A. R., Retzlaff, B. J., Fuhrman, A. M., Lichtblau, K. R., & Saini, V. (2018). On the predictive validity of behavioral momentum theory for mitigating resurgence of problem behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 109(1), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.303
Fisher, W. W., Greer, B. D., Fuhrman, A. M., & Querim, A. C. (2015). Using multiple schedules during functional communication training to promote rapid transfer of treatment effects. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 48(4), 713–733. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.254
Fisher, W. W., Greer, B. D., Mitteer, D. R., Fuhrman, A. M., Romani, P. W., & Zangrillo, A. N. (2018). Further evaluation of differential exposure to establishing operations during functional communication training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 51(2), 360–373. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.451
Fisher, W., Piazza, C., Cataldo, M., Harrell, R., Jefferson, G., & Conner, R. (1993). Functional communication training with and without extinction and punishment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26(1), 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1993.26-23
Fisher, W. W., Thompson, R. H., Hagopian, L. P., Bowman, L. G., & Krug, A. (2000). Facilitating tolerance of delayed reinforcement during functional communication training. Behavior Modification, 24(1), 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445500241001
Fodstad, J. C., Kirsch, A., Faidley, M., & Bauer, N. (2018). Demonstration of parent training to address early self-injury in young children with intellectual and developmental delays. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(11), 3846–3857. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3651-5
Fritz, J. N., Jackson, L. M., Stiefler, N. A., Wimberly, B. S., & Richardson, A. R. (2017). Noncontingent reinforcement without extinction plus differential reinforcement of alternative behavior during treatment of problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 50(3), 590–599. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.395
Fuhrman, A. M., Fisher, W. W., & Greer, B. D. (2016). A preliminary investigation on improving functional communication training by mitigating resurgence of destructive behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 49(4), 884–899. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.338
Ghaemmaghami, M., Hanley, G. P., Jessel, J., & Landa, R. (2018). Shaping complex functional communication responses. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 51(3), 502–520. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.468
Goel, R., Hong, J. S., Findling, R. L., & Ji, N. Y. (2018). An update on pharmacotherapy of autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents. International Review of Psychiatry, 30(1), 78–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1458706
Goh, H.-L., Iwata, B. A., & DeLeon, I. G. (2000). Competition between noncontingent and contingent reinforcement schedules during response acquisition. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33(2), 195–205. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2000.33-195
Goh, H.-L., Iwata, B. A., Shore, B. A., DeLeon, I. G., Lerman, D. C., Ulrich, S. M., & Smith, R. G. (1995). An analysis of the reinforcing properties of hand mouthing. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 28(3), 269–283. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1995.28-269
González, M. L., Dixon, D. R., Rojahn, J., Esbensen, A. J., Matson, J. L., Terlonge, C., & Smith, K. R. (2009). The Behavior Problems Inventory: Reliability and factor validity in institutionalized adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 22(3), 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2008.00429.x
Goodman, W. K., Price, L. H., Rasmussen, S. A., Mazure, C., Fleischmann, R. L., Hill, C. L., … Charney, D. S. (1989). The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: I. development, use, and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46(11), 1006–1011. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007
Gormez, A., Rana, F., & Varghese, S. (2014). Pharmacological interventions for self-injurious behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities: Abridged republication of a Cochrane systematic review∗. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 28(7), 624–632. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114531665
Greer, B. D., Fisher, W. W., Saini, V., Owen, T. M., & Jones, J. K. (2016). Functional communication training during reinforcement schedule thinning: An analysis of 25 applications. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 49(1), 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.265
Gregori, E., Rispoli, M., Gerow, S., & Lory, C. (2018). Treatment of self-injurious behavior in adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A systematic review. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 30(1), 111–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-017-9568-7
Hagopian, L. P., Boelter, E. W., & Jarmolowicz, D. P. (2011). Reinforcement schedule thinning following functional communication training: Review and recommendations. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 4(1), 4–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03391770
Hagopian, L. P., Crockett, J. L., Van Stone, M., DeLeon, I. G., & Bowman, L. G. (2000). Effects of noncontingent reinforcement on problem behavior and stimulus engagement: The role of satiation, extinction, and alternative reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33(4), 433–449. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2000.33-433
Hagopian, L. P., Kuhn, S. A. C., Long, E. S., & Rush, K. S. (2005). Schedule thinning following communication training: Using competing stimuli to enhance tolerance to decrements in reinforcer density. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 38(2), 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2005.43-04
Hagopian, L. P., Rooker, G. W., & Zarcone, J. R. (2015). Delineating subtypes of self-injurious behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 48 (3), 523–543. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.236
Hagopian, L. P., Rooker, G. W., & Yenokyan, G. (2018). Identifying predictive behavioral markers: A demonstration using automatically reinforced self-injurious behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 51(3), 443–465. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.477
Hanley, G. P., Iwata, B. A., & Thompson, R. H. (2001). Reinforcement schedule thinning following treatment with functional communication training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 34(1), 17–38. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2001.34-17
Hassiotis, A., Robotham, D., Canagasabey, A., Marston, L., Thomas, B., & King, M. (2012). Brief report: Impact of applied behaviour analysis (ABA) on carer burden and community participation in challenging behaviour: Results from a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 56(3), 285–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01467.x
Hausman, N., Kahng, S., Farrell, E., & Mongeon, C. (2009). Idiosyncratic functions: Severe problem behavior maintained by access to ritualistic behaviors. Education and Treatment of Children, 32(1), 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1353/etc.0.0051
Hellings, J. A., Weckbaugh, M., Nickel, E. J., Cain, S. E., Zarcone, J. R., Reese, R. M., … Cook, E. H. (2005). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of valproate for aggression in youth with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 15(4), 682–692. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2005.15.682
Hellings, J. A., Zarcone, J. R., Reese, R. M., Valdovinos, M. G., Marquis, J. G., Fleming, K. K., & Schroeder, S. R. (2006). A crossover study of risperidone in children, adolescents and adults with mental retardation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(3), 401–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0078-1
Henry, C. A., Shervin, D., Neumeyer, A., Steingard, R., Spybrook, J., Choueiri, R., & Bauman, M. (2009). Retrial of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in children with pervasive developmental disorders: A retrospective chart review. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 19(2), 111–117. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2008.037
Hoch, H., McComas, J. J., Thompson, A. L., & Paone, D. (2002). Concurrent reinforcement schedules: Behavior change and maintenance without extinction. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35(2), 155–169. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2002.35-155
Hoffman, K., & Falcomata, T. S. (2014). An evaluation of resurgence of appropriate communication in individuals with autism who exhibit severe problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 47(3), 651–656. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.144
Hollander, E., Chaplin, W., Soorya, L., Wasserman, S., Novotny, S., Rusoff, J., … Anagnostou, E. (2010). Divalproex sodium vs placebo for the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(4), 990–998. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.202
Horner, R. H., & Day, H. M. (1991). The effects of response efficiency on functionally equivalent competing behaviors. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24(4), 719–732. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1991.24-719
Horner, R. H., Day, H. M., & Day, J. R. (1997). Using neutralizing routines to reduce problem behaviors. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 30(4), 601–614. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1997.30-601
Horner, R. H., Day, H. M., Sprague, J. R., O’Brien, M., & Heathfield, L. T. (1991). Interspersed requests: A nonaversive procedure for reducing aggression and self-injury during instruction. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24(2), 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1991.24-265
Howes, O. D., Rogdaki, M., Findon, J. L., Wichers, R. H., Charman, T., King, B. H., … Murphy, D. G. (2018). Autism spectrum disorder: Consensus guidelines on assessment, treatment and research from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32(1), 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117741766
Ichikawa, H., Hiratani, M., Yasuhara, A., Tsujii, N., Oshimo, T., Ono, H., & Tadori, Y. (2018). An open-label extension long-term study of the safety and efficacy of aripiprazole for irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder in Japan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 72(2), 84–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12607
Ichikawa, H., Mikami, K., Okada, T., Yamashita, Y., Ishizaki, Y., Tomoda, A., … Tadori, Y. (2017). Aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder in Japan: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 48(5), 796–806. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-016-0704-x
Ingvarsson, E. T., Kahng, S. W., & Hausman, N. L. (2008). Some effects of noncontingent positive reinforcement on multiply controlled problem behavior and compliance in a demand context. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 41(3), 435–440. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2008.41-435
Iwata, B. A., Dorsey, M. F., Slifer, K. J., Bauman, K. E., & Richman, G. S. (1982). Toward a functional analysis of self-injury. Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 2(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0270-4684(82)90003-9
Iwata, B. A., Pace, G. M., Dorsey, M. F., Zarcone, J. R., Vollmer, T. R., Smith, R. G., … Willis, K. D. (1994). The functions of self-injurious behavior: An experimental-epidemiological analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27(2), 215–240. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1994.27-215
Iwata, B. A., Roscoe, E. M., Zarcone, J. R., & Richman, D. M. (2002). Environmental determinants of self-injurious behavior. In S. R. Schroeder, M. L. Oster-Granite, & T. Thompson (Eds.), Self-injurious behavior: Gene-brain-behavior relationships (pp. 93–103). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Janowsky, D. S., Shetty, M., Barnhill, J., Elamir, B., & Davis, J. M. (2005). Serotonergic antidepressant effects on aggressive, self-injurious and destructive/disruptive behaviours in intellectually disabled adults: A retrospective, open-label, naturalistic trial. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 8(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1017/S146114570400481X
Jennett, H. K., & Hagopian, L. P. (2008). Identifying empirically supported treatments for phobic avoidance in individuals with intellectual disabilities. Behavior Therapy, 39(2), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2007.06.003
Kahng, S., Iwata, B. A., DeLeon, I. G., & Wallace, M. D. (2000). A comparison of procedures for programming noncontingent reinforcement schedules. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33(2), 223–231. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2000.33-223
Kelley, M. E., Nadler, C. B., Rey, C., Cowie, S., & Podlesnik, C. A. (2017). Noncontingent reinforcement competes with response performance. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 107(3), 343–353. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.255
Kimball, R. T., Kelley, M. E., Podlesnik, C. A., Forton, A., & Hinkle, B. (2018). Resurgence with and without an alternative response. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 51(4), 854–865. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.466
King, B. H., Hollander, E., Sikich, L., McCracken, J. T., Scahill, L., Bregman, J. D., … Ritz, L. (2009). Lack of efficacy of citalopram in children with autism spectrum disorders and high levels of repetitive behavior: Citalopram ineffective in children with autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(6), 583–590. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.30
König, I. R., Fuchs, O., Hansen, G., von Mutius, E., & Kopp, M. V. (2017). What is precision medicine? The European Respiratory Journal, 50(4), 1700391. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00391-2017
Kunnavatana, S. S., Wolfe, K., & Aguilar, A. N. (2018). Assessing mand topography preference when developing a functional communication training intervention. Behavior Modification, 42(3), 364–381. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445517751437
Kurtz, P. F., Boelter, E. W., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Chin, M. D., & Hagopian, L. P. (2011). An analysis of functional communication training as an empirically supported treatment for problem behavior displayed by individuals with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(6), 2935–2942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.05.009
Lalli, J. S., Casey, S., & Kates, K. (1995). Reducing escape behavior and increasing task completion with functional communication training, extinction and response chaining. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 28(3), 261–268. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1995.28-261
Lalli, J. S., Vollmer, T. R., Progar, P. R., Wright, C., Borrero, J., Daniel, D., … May, W. (1999). Competition between positive and negative reinforcement in the treatment of escape behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 32(3), 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1999.32-285
Lambert, J. M., Bloom, S. E., Samaha, A. L., & Dayton, E. (2017). Serial functional communication training: Extending serial DRA to mands and problem behavior. Behavioral Interventions, 32(4), 311–325. https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.1493
Lambert, J. M., Bloom, S. E., Samaha, A. L., Dayton, E., & Rodewald, A. M. (2015). Serial alternative response training as intervention for target response resurgence. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 48(4), 765–780. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.253
Lamy, M., & Erickson, C. A. (2018). Pharmacological management of behavioral disturbances in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 48(10), 250–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2018.08.015
Lang, R., Sigafoos, J., van der Meer, L., O’Reilly, M. F., Lancioni, G. E., & Didden, R. (2013). Early signs and early behavioral intervention of challenging behavior. International Review of Research in Developmental Disabilities, 44, 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-401662-0.00001-4
Layng, T. V. J., Andronis, P. T., & Goldiamond, I. (1999). Animal models of psychopathology: The establishment, maintenance, attenuation, and persistence of head-banging by pigeons. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 30(1), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7916(99)00003-8
LeBlanc, J. C., Binder, C. E., Armenteros, J. L., Aman, M. G., Wang, J. S., Hew, H., & Kusumakar, V. (2005). Risperidone reduces aggression in boys with a disruptive behaviour disorder and below average intelligence quotient: Analysis of two placebo-controlled randomized trials. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20(5), 275–283. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.yic.0000166403.03732.72
Lerman, D. C., Iwata, B. A., & Wallace, M. D. (1999). Side effects of extinction: Prevalence of bursting and aggression during the treatment of self-injurious behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 32(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1999.32-1
Liggett, A. P., Nastri, R., & Podlesnik, C. A. (2018). Assessing the combined effects of resurgence and reinstatement in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 109(2), 408–421. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.315
Lindberg, J. S., Iwata, B. A., Roscoe, E. M., Worsdell, A. S., & Hanley, G. P. (2003). Treatment efficacy of noncontingent reinforcement during brief and extended application. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2003.36-1
Lindsay, W. R., Richardson, I., & Michie, A. M. (1989). Short-term generalised effects of relaxation training on adults with moderate and severe mental handicaps. Mental Handicap Research, 2(2), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.1989.tb00027.x
Love, J. R., Carr, J. E., & LeBlanc, L. A. (2009). Functional assessment of problem behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders: A summary of 32 outpatient cases. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(2), 363–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-008-0633-z
Luczynski, K. C., & Hanley, G. P. (2013). Prevention of problem behavior by teaching functional communication and self-control skills to preschoolers. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 46(2), 355–368. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.44
Lundqvist, L.-O. (2011). Psychometric properties and factor structure of the Behavior Problems Inventory (BPI-01) in a Swedish community population of adults with intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(6), 2295–2303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.07.037
Mace, F. C., & Mauk, J. E. (1995). Bio-behavioral diagnosis and treatment of self-injury. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 1(2), 104–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrdd.1410010206
Makrygianni, M. K., Gena, A., Katoudi, S., & Galanis, P. (2018). The effectiveness of applied behavior analytic interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analytic study. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 51, 18–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2018.03.006
Marcus, R. N., Owen, R., Kamen, L., Manos, G., McQuade, R. D., Carson, W. H., & Aman, M. G. (2009). A placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with irritability associated with autistic disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(11), 1110–1119. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b76658
Marcus, R. N., Owen, R., Manos, G., Mankoski, R., Kamen, L., McQuade, R. D., … Aman, M. G. (2011a). Aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability in pediatric patients (aged 6-17 years) with autistic disorder: Results from a 52-week, open-label study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 21(3), 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2009.0121
Marcus, R. N., Owen, R., Manos, G., Mankoski, R., Kamen, L., McQuade, R. D., … Findling, R. L. (2011b). Safety and tolerability of aripiprazole for irritability in pediatric patients with autistic disorder: A 52-week, open-label, multicenter study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(9), 1270–1276. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.09m05933
Marcus, B. A., & Vollmer, T. R. (1996). Combining noncontingent reinforcement and differential reinforcement schedules as treatment for aberrant behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 29(1), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1996.29-43
Marshburn, E. C., & Aman, M. G. (1992). Factor validity and norms for the Aberrant Behavior Checklist in a community sample of children with mental retardation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22(3), 357–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01048240
Mascitelli, A. N., Rojahn, J., Nicolaides, V. C., Moore, L., Hastings, R. P., & Christian-Jones, C. (2015). The Behaviour Problems Inventory-short form: Reliability and factorial validity in adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 28(6), 561–571. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12152
McCord, B. E., Iwata, B. A., Galensky, T. L., Ellingson, S. A., & Thomson, R. J. (2001). Functional analysis and treatment of problem behavior evoked by noise. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 34(4), 447–462. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2001.34-447
McCracken, J. T., McGough, J., Shah, B., Cronin, P., Hong, D., Aman, M. G., … McMahon, D. (2002). Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems. New England Journal of Medicine, 347(5), 314–321. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa013171
McDougle, C. J., Holmes, J. P., Carlson, C., Pelton, G. H., Cohen, D. J., & Price, L. H. (1998). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone in adults with autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(7), 633–641. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.633
McGill, P. (1999). Establishing operations: Implications for the assessment, treatment and prevention of problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 32(3), 393–418. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1999.32-393
McNamara, R., Randell, E., Gillespie, D., Wood, F., Felce, D., Romeo, R., … Kerr, M. (2017). A pilot randomised controlled trial of community-led antipsychotic drug reduction for adults with learning disabilities. Health Technology Assessment, 21(47), 1–122. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta21470
McQuire, C., Hassiotis, A., Harrison, B., & Pilling, S. (2015). Pharmacological interventions for challenging behaviour in children with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 15(1), 303. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0688-2
McQuire, C., Hassiotis, A., Harrison, B., & Pilling, S. (2016). Erratum to: Pharmacological interventions for challenging behaviour in children with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis [BMC Psychiatry, 15, (2015), 303]. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0704-6
Mehta, H., & Glover, G. (2019). Psychotropic drugs and people with learning disabilities or autism. London: Public Health England. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/psychotropic-drugs-and-people-with-learning-disabilities-or-autism
Michael, J. (2000). Implications and refinements of the establishing operation concept. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33(4), 401–410. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2000.33-401
Miltenberger, R. G. (2006). Antecedent interventions for challenging behaviors maintained by escape from instructional activities. In J. K. Luiselli (Ed.), Antecedent assessment and intervention (pp. 101–124). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
Minshawi, N. F., Hurwitz, S., Morriss, D., & McDougle, C. J. (2015). Multidisciplinary assessment and treatment of self-injurious behavior in autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability: Integration of psychological and biological theory and approach. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(6), 1541–1568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2307-3
Mirenda, P. (1997). Supporting individuals with challenging behavior through functional communication training and AAC: Research review. AAC: Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 13(4), 207–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434619712331278048
Neely, L., Garcia, E., Bankston, B., & Green, A. (2018). Generalization and maintenance of functional communication training for individuals with developmental disabilities: A systematic and quality review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 79, 116–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2018.02.002
Nevill, R. E., Lecavalier, L., & Stratis, E. A. (2018). Meta-analysis of parent-mediated interventions for young children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 22(2), 84–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316677838
O’Reilly, M., Rispoli, M., Davis, T., Machalicek, W., Lang, R., Sigafoos, J., … Didden, R. (2010). Functional analysis of challenging behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders: A summary of 10 cases. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2009.07.001
O’Reilly, M., Sigafoos, J., Lancioni, G., Edrisinha, C., & Andrews, A. (2005). An examination of the effects of a classroom activity schedule on levels of self-injury and engagement for a child with severe autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(3), 305–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-005-3294-1
Oliver, C., & Head, D. (1990). Self-injurious behaviour in people with learning disabilities: Determinants and interventions. International Review of Psychiatry, 2(1), 101–116. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540269009028276
Olson, L., & Houlihan, D. (2000). A review of behavioral treatments used for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Behavior Modification, 24(2), 202–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445500242003
Owen, R., Sikich, L., Marcus, R. N., Corey-Lisle, P., Manos, G., McQuade, R. D., … Findling, R. L. (2009). Aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder. Pediatrics, 124(6), 1533–1540. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-3782
Pace, G. M., Iwata, B. A., Cowdery, G. E., Andree, P. J., & McIntyre, T. (1993). Stimulus (instructional) fading during extinction of self-injurious escape behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26(2), 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1993.26-205
Patra, S., Nebhinani, N., Viswanathan, A., & Kirubakaran, R. (2019). Atomoxetine for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autism Research, 12(4), 542–552. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2059
Pearson, D. A., Santos, C. W., Roache, J. D., Casat, C. D., Loveland, K. A., Lachar, D., … Cleveland, L. A. (2003). Treatment effects of methylphenidate on behavioral adjustment in children with mental retardation and ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(2), 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200302000-00015
Petscher, E. S., Rey, C., & Bailey, J. S. (2009). A review of empirical support for differential reinforcement of alternative behavior. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30(3), 409–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2008.08.008
Phillips, C. L., Iannaccone, J. A., Rooker, G. W., & Hagopian, L. P. (2017). Noncontingent reinforcement for the treatment of severe problem behavior: An analysis of 27 consecutive applications. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 50(2), 357–376. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.376
Pipkin, C. S. P., Vollmer, T. R., & Sloman, K. N. (2010). Effects of treatment integrity failures during differential reinforcement of alternative behavior: A translational model. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 43(1), 45–70. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2010.43-47
Podlesnik, C. A., Kelley, M. E., Jimenez-Gomez, C., & Bouton, M. E. (2017). Renewed behavior produced by context change and its implications for treatment maintenance: A review. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 50(3), 675–697. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.400
Politte, L. C., & McDougle, C. J. (2014). Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders. Psychopharmacology, 231(6), 1023–1036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-013-3068-y
Posey, D. J., Erickson, C. A., Stigler, K. A., & McDougle, C. J. (2006). The use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in autism and related disorders. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 16(1–2), 181–186. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2006.16.181
Posey, D. J., Stigler, K. A., Erickson, C. A., & McDougle, C. J. (2008). Antipsychotics in the treatment of autism. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 118(1), 6–14. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI32483
Ramerman, L., de Kuijper, G., Scheers, T., Vink, M., Vrijmoeth, P., & Hoekstra, P. J. (2019). Is risperidone effective in reducing challenging behaviours in individuals with intellectual disabilities after 1 year or longer use? A placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind discontinuation study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 63(5), 418–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12584
Reese, R. M., Richman, D. M., Belmont, J. M., & Morse, P. (2005). Functional characteristics of disruptive behavior in developmentally disabled children with and without autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(4), 419–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-005-5032-0
Reichow, B., Volkmar, F. R., & Bloch, M. H. (2013). Systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacological treatment of the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(10), 2435–2441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1793-z
Research Units on Paediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network. (2005). Risperidone treatment of autistic disorder: Longer-term benefits and blinded discontinuation after 6 months. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(7), 1361–1369. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1361
Rezaei, V., Mohammadi, M. R., Ghanizadeh, A., Sahraian, A., Tabrizi, M., Rezazadeh, S. A., & Akhondzadeh, S. (2010). Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of risperidone plus topiramate in children with autistic disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 34(7), 1269–1272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.07.005
Richman, D. M., Barnard-Brak, L., Grubb, L., Bosch, A., & Abby, L. (2015). Meta-analysis of noncontingent reinforcement effects on problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 48(1), 131–152. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.189
Richman, D. M., Wacker, D. P., & Winborn, L. (2001). Response efficiency during functional communication training: Effects of effort on response allocation. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 34(1), 73–76. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2001.34-73
Rispoli, M., Camargo, S., Machalicek, W., Lang, R., & Sigafoos, J. (2014). Functional communication training in the treatment of problem behavior maintained by access to rituals. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 47(3), 580–593. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.130
Ritter, W. A., Barnard-Brak, L., Richman, D. M., & Grubb, L. M. (2018). The influence of function, topography, and setting on noncontingent reinforcement effect sizes for reduction in problem behavior: A meta-analysis of single-case experimental design data. Journal of Behavioral Education, 27(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10864-017-9277-4
Robb, A. S., Andersson, C., Bellocchio, E. E., Manos, G., Rojas-Fernandez, C., Mathew, S., … Mankoski, R. (2011). Safety and tolerability of aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability associated with autistic disorder in pediatric subjects (6-17 years old): Results from a pooled analysis of 2 studies. Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 13(1), e1–e9. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.10m01008gry
Roberts, M. L., Mace, F. C., & Daggett, J. A. (1995). Preliminary comparison of two negative reinforcement schedules to reduce self-injury. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 28(4), 579–580. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1995.28-579
Rojahn, J. (1984). Self-injurious behavior in institutionalized, severely/profoundly retarded adults-prevalence data and staff agreement. Journal of Behavioral Assessment, 6(1), 13–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01321457
Rojahn, J. (1986). Self-injurious and stereotypic behavior of noninstitutionalized mentally retarded people: Prevalence and classification. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 91(3), 268–276.
Rojahn, J., & Helsel, W. J. (1991). The Aberrant Behavior Checklist with children and adolescents with dual diagnosis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02206994
Rojahn, J., Matlock, S. T., & Tassé, M. J. (2000). The Stereotyped Behavior Scale: Psychometric properties and norms. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 21(6), 437–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-4222(00)00057-3
Rojahn, J., Matson, J. L., Lott, D., Esbensen, A. J., & Smalls, Y. (2001). The Behavior Problems Inventory: An instrument for the assessment of self-injury, stereotyped behavior, and aggression/destruction in individuals with developmental disabilities. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(6), 577–588. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013299028321
Rojahn, J., Rowe, E. W., Macken, J., Gray, A., Delitta, D., Booth, A., & Kimbrell, K. (2010). Psychometric evaluation of the Behavior Problems Inventory-01 and the Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form with children and adolescents. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 3(1), 28–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315860903558168
Rojahn, J., Rowe, E. W., Sharber, A. C., Hastings, R., Matson, J. L., Didden, R., … Dumont, E. L. M. (2012a). The Behavior Problems Inventory-short form for individuals with intellectual disabilities: Part I: Development and provisional clinical reference data. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 56(5), 527–545. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01507.x
Rojahn, J., Rowe, E. W., Sharber, A. C., Hastings, R., Matson, J. L., Didden, R., … Dumont, E. L. M. (2012b). The Behavior Problems Inventory-short form for individuals with intellectual disabilities: Part II: Reliability and validity. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 56(5), 546–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01506.x
Rojahn, J., Schroeder, S. R., & Hoch, T. A. (2008). Self-injurious behavior in intellectual disabilities. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Rojahn, J., Tassé, M. J., & Sturmey, P. (1997). The Stereotyped Behavior scale for adolescents and adults with mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 102(2), 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(1997)102<0137:TSBSFA>2.0.CO;2
Rooker, G. W., Bonner, A. C., Dillon, C. M., & Zarcone, J. R. (2018). Behavioral treatment of automatically reinforced SIB: 1982 – 2015. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 51(4), 974–997. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.492
Rosen, T. E., Connell, J. E., & Kerns, C. M. (2016). A review of behavioral interventions for anxiety-related behaviors in lower-functioning individuals with autism. Behavioral Interventions, 31(2), 120–143. https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.1442
Royal College of Psychiatrists Faculty of Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability (n.d.). Stopping overuse of medication in people with learning disability (STOMP). London: Royal College of Psychiatrists. Retrieved July 1, 2019, from https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/docs/default-source/members/faculties/intellectual-disability/id-stomp-faculty-psychiatry-intellectual-disability-(002).pdf?sfvrsn=3c4c644b_2
Saini, V., Fisher, W. W., & Pisman, M. D. (2017). Persistence during and resurgence following noncontingent reinforcement implemented with and without extinction. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 50(2), 377–392. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.380
Saini, V., Miller, S. A., & Fisher, W. W. (2016). Multiple schedules in practical application: Research trends and implications for future investigation. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 49(2), 421–444. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.300
Saini, V., Sullivan, W. E., Baxter, E. L., DeRosa, N. M., & Roane, H. S. (2018). Renewal during functional communication training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 51(3), 603–619. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.471
Sandman, C. A., & Kemp, A. S. (2011). Opioid antagonists may reverse endogenous opiate “dependence” in the treatment of self-injurious behavior. Pharmaceuticals, 4(2), 366–381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph4020366
Sandman, C. A., Touchette, P., Lenjavi, M., Marion, S., & Chicz-DeMet, A. (2003). β-Endorphin and ACTH are dissociated after self-injury in adults with developmental disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 108(6), 414–424 + 438. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2003)108<414:EAAADA>2.0.CO;2
Sandman, C. A., Touchette, P. E., Marion, S. D., & Chicz-DeMet, A. (2008). The role of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in sequentially dependent self-injurious behavior. Developmental Psychobiology, 50(7), 680–689. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20323
Sandman, C. A., Touchette, P., Marion, S., Lenjavi, M., & Chicz-Demet, A. (2002). Disregulation of proopiomelanocortin and contagious maladaptive behavior. Regulatory Peptides, 108(2–3), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-0115(02)00097-6
Sawyer, A., Lake, J. K., Lunsky, Y., Liu, S.-K., & Desarkar, P. (2014). Psychopharmacological treatment of challenging behaviours in adults with autism and intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8(7), 803–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2014.03.021
Schmidt, J. D., Luiselli, J. K., Rue, H., & Whalley, K. (2013). Graduated exposure and positive reinforcement to overcome setting and activity avoidance in an adolescent with autism. Behavior Modification, 37(1), 128–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445512456547
Shabani, D. B., & Fisher, W. W. (2006). Stimulus fading and differential reinforcement for the treatment of needle phobia in a youth with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 39(4), 449–452. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2006.30-05
Shea, S., Turgay, A., Carroll, A., Schulz, M., Orlik, H., Smith, I., & Dunbar, F. (2004). Risperidone in the treatment of disruptive behavioral symptoms in children with autistic and other pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatrics, 114(5), e634–e641. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2003-0264-F
Sheehan, R., & Hassiotis, A. (2017). Reduction or discontinuation of antipsychotics for challenging behaviour in adults with intellectual disability: A systematic review. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(3), 238–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30191-2
Shirley, M. J., Iwata, B. A., Kahng, S., Mazaleski, J. L., & Lerman, D. C. (1997). Does functional communication training compete with ongoing contingencies of reinforcement? An analysis during response acquisition and maintenance. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 30(1), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1997.30-93
Shore, B. A., Iwata, B. A., DeLeon, I. G., Kahng, S. W., & Smith, R. G. (1997). An analysis of reinforcer substitutability using object manipulation and self-injury as competing responses. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 30(1), 21–41. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1997.30-21
Siegel, M., & Beaulieu, A. A. (2012). Psychotropic medications in children with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and synthesis for evidence-based practice. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(8), 1592–1605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1399-2
Slocum, S. K., Grauerholz-Fisher, E., Peters, K. P., & Vollmer, T. R. (2018). A multicomponent approach to thinning reinforcer delivery during noncontingent reinforcement schedules. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 51(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.427
Snyder, R., Turgay, A., Aman, M., Binder, C., Fisman, S., & Carroll, A. (2002). Effects of risperidone on conduct and disruptive behavior disorders in children with subaverage IQs. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(9), 1026–1036. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200209000-00002
Steege, M. W., Wacker, D. P., Berg, W. K., Cigrand, K. K., & Cooper, L. J. (1989). The use of behavioral assessment to prescribe and evaluate treatments for severely handicapped children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 22(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1989.22-23
Stokes, T. F., & Baer, D. M. (1977). An implicit technology of generalization. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 10(2), 349–367. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1977.10-349
Symons, F. J., Hoch, J., Dahl, N. A., & McComas, J. J. (2003). Sequential and matching analyses of self-injurious behavior: A case of overmatching in the natural environment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36(2), 267–270. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2003.36-267
Tarrant, N., Roy, M., Deb, S., Odedra, S., Retzer, A., & Roy, A. (2018). The effectiveness of methylphenidate in the management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 83, 217–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2018.08.017
Tassé, M. J., Aman, M. G., Hammer, D., & Rojahn, J. (1996). The Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form: Age and gender effects and norms. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 17(1), 59–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-4222(95)00037-2
Thompson, T., & Symons, F. J. (1999). Neurobehavioral mechanisms of drug action. In N. A. Wieseler & R. H. Hanson (Eds.), Challenging behavior of persons with mental health disorders and severe developmental disabilities (pp. 125–150). Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation.
Tiger, J. H., Hanley, G. P., & Bruzek, J. (2008). Functional communication training: A review and practical guide. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 1(1), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03391716
Tomlin, M., & Reed, P. (2012). Effects of fixed-time reinforcement delivered by teachers for reducing problem behavior in special education classrooms. Journal of Behavioral Education, 21(2), 150–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10864-012-9147-z
Torres-Viso, M., Strohmeier, C. W., & Zarcone, J. R. (2018). Functional analysis and treatment of problem behavior related to mands for rearrangement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 51(1), 158–165. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.437
Turgay, A., Binder, C., Snyder, R., & Fisman, S. (2002). Long-term safety and efficacy of risperidone for the treatment of disruptive behavior disorders in children with subaverage IQs. Pediatrics, 110(3), e34. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.110.3.e34
Van Camp, C. M., Lerman, D. C., Kelley, M. E., Contrucci, S. A., & Vorndran, C. M. (2000). Variable-time reinforcement schedules in the treatment of socially maintained problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33(4), 545–557. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2000.33-545
Van Camp, C. M., Vollmer, T. R., & Daniel, D. (2001). A systematic evaluation of stimulus preference, response effort, and stimulus control in the treatment of automatically reinforced self-injury. Behavior Therapy, 32(3), 603–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(01)80037-X
van Ingen, D. J., Moore, L. L., Zaja, R. H., & Rojahn, J. (2010). The Behavior Problems Inventory (BPI-01) in community-based adults with intellectual disabilities: Reliability and concurrent validity vis-à-vis the Inventory for Client and Agency Planning (ICAP). Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(1), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2009.08.004
Vollmer, T. R., Iwata, B. A., Zarcone, J. R., Smith, R. G., & Mazaleski, J. L. (1993). The role of attention in the treatment of attention-maintained self-injurious behavior: Noncontingent reinforcement and differential reinforcement of other behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26(1), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1993.26-9
Vollmer, T. R., Marcus, B. A., & LeBlanc, L. (1994). Treatment of self-injury and hand mouthing following inconclusive functional analyses. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27(2), 331–344. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1994.27-331
Vollmer, T. R., Marcus, B. A., & Ringdahl, J. E. (1995). Noncontingent escape as treatment for self-injurious behavior maintained by negative reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 28(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1995.28-15
Vollmer, T. R., Progar, P. R., Lalli, J. S., Van Camp, C. M., Sierp, B. J., Wright, C. S., … Eisenschink, K. J. (1998). Fixed-time schedules attenuate extinction-induced phenomena in the treatment of severe aberrant behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 31(4), 529–542. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1998.31-529
Wacker, D. P., Steege, M. W., Northup, J., Sasso, G., Berg, W., Reimers, T., … Donn, L. (1990). A component analysis of functional communication training across three topographies of severe behavior problems. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23(4), 417–429. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1990.23-417
Walker, V. L., & Snell, M. E. (2013). Effects of augmentative and alternative communication on challenging behavior: A meta-analysis. AAC: Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 29(2), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.3109/07434618.2013.785020
Wallace, M. D., Iwata, B. A., Hanley, G. P., Thompson, R. H., & Roscoe, E. M. (2012). Noncontingent reinforcement: A further examination of schedule effects during treatment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 45(4), 709–719. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2012.45-709
Ward, F., Tharian, P., Roy, M., Deb, S., & Unwin, G. L. (2013). Efficacy of beta blockers in the management of problem behaviours in people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(12), 4293–4303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.08.015
Winborn, L., Wacker, D. P., Richman, D. M., Asmus, J., & Geier, D. (2002). Assessment of mand selection for functional communication training packages. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35(3), 295–298. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2002.35-295
Wolf, M., Risley, T., & Mees, H. (1963). Application of operant conditioning procedures to the behaviour problems of an autistic child. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1(2–4), 305–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(63)90045-7
Worsdell, A. S., Iwata, B. A., Hanley, G. P., Thompson, R. H., & Kahng, S. W. (2000). Effects of continuous and intermittent reinforcement for problem behavior during functional communication training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33(2), 167–179. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2000.33-167
Zarcone, J. R., Hellings, J. A., Crandall, K., Matthew Reese, R., Marquis, J., Fleming, K., … Schroeder, S. R. (2001). Effects of risperidone on aberrant behavior of persons with developmental disabilities: I. A double-blind crossover study using multiple measures. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 106(6), 525–538. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2001)106<0525:EOROAB>2.0.CO;2
Zarcone, J. R., Iwata, B. A., Mazaleski, J. L., & Smith, R. G. (1994). Momentum and extinction effects on self-injurious escape behavior and noncompliance. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27(4), 649–658. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1994.27-649
Zarcone, J. R., Iwata, B. A., Smith, R. G., Mazaleski, J. L., & Lerman, D. C. (1994). Reemergence and extinction of self-injurious escape behavior during stimulus (instructional) fading. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27(2), 307–316. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1994.27-307
Zarcone, J. R., Lindauer, S. E., Morse, P. S., Crosland, K. A., Valdovinos, M. G., McKerchar, T. L., … Schroeder, S. R. (2004). Effects of risperidone on destructive behavior of persons with developmental disabilities: III. Functional analysis. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 109(4), 310–321. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2004)109<310:EORODB>2.0.CO;2
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Furniss, F., Biswas, A.B. (2020). Intervention with Self-Injurious Behavior. In: Self-Injurious Behavior in Individuals with Neurodevelopmental Conditions . Autism and Child Psychopathology Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36016-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36016-0_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-36015-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-36016-0
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)