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AI U.S. Policies and Regulations

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Artificial Intelligence as a Disruptive Technology

Abstract

The chapter discusses U.S. government initiatives which seek to maintain U.S. dominance in AI. Both efforts of the current administration and prior administrations are illustrative of the concern that AI must be at the forefront both for military and national security purposes and also for guidance and protection of inhabitants to assure AI use is safe and effective. The initiatives particularly of President Trump and his predecessor, President Obama, are addressed. There are budget priorities in place, executive orders mandating AI advancement which includes the need to educate the populace in STEM programs (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics), military usage, and regulation and promotion of autonomous vehicles.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    About, DEFENSE INNOVATION BOARD, https://innovation.defense.gov/.

  2. 2.

    Cheryl Pellerin, Defense Innovation Board Makes Interim Recommendations, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE NEWS (Oct. 5, 2016), https://dod.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/965196/defense-innovation-board-makes-interim-recommendations/.

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    Ten Commandments of Software, DEFENSE INNOVATION BOARD (April 20, 2018), https://media.defense.gov/2018/Apr/22/2001906836/-1/-1/0/DEFENSEINNOVATIONBOARD_TEN_COMMANDMENTS_OF_SOFTWARE_2018.04.20.PDF.

  4. 4.

    NATIONAL SECURITY COMMISSION ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ACT OF 2018, H.R. 5356 — 115th (2019), GovTrack.us. (2018), https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/hr5356.

  5. 5.

    §2(2)(1) of the Act.

  6. 6.

    §2(c) of the Act.

  7. 7.

    June Edwards, FY 2019 NDAA to Authorize $10M for AI National Security Commission, EXECUTIVEGOV (Aug. 21, 2018), https://www.executivegov.com/2018/08/fy-2019-ndaa-to-authorize-10m-for-ai-national-security-commission/.

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    Tajha Chappellet-Lanier, Pentagon’s Joint AI Center is ‘established,’ but there’s much more to figure out, FEDSCOOP (July 20, 2018), https://www.fedscoop.com/dod-joint-ai-center-established/.

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  14. 14.

    The First Offset Strategy occurred during the 1950s Cold War with the Soviet Union by increasing superiority in nuclear weapons and miniaturizing them. The Second Offset Strategy occurred in the 1970s and 1980s with advances in precision-guided weapons, information technologies, and digital microprocessors. Katie Lange, 3rd Offset Strategy 101: What It Is, What the Tech Focuses Are, DODLIVE (March 30, 2016), http://www.dodlive.mil/2016/03/30/3rd-offset-strategy-101-what-it-is-what-the-tech-focuses-are/.

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    Cheryl Pellerin, Deputy Secretary: Third Offset Strategy Bolsters America’s Military Deterrence, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (Oct. 31, 2016), https://dod.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/991434/deputy-secretary-third-offset-strategy-bolsters-americas-military-deterrence/.

  16. 16.

    Id.

  17. 17.

    Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, FOREIGN AFFAIRS (Summer 1993).

  18. 18.

    Jade Leung and Sophie-Charlotte Fischer, JAIC: Pentagon debuts artificial intelligence hub, BULLETIN OF THE ATOMIC SCIENTISTS (Aug. 8, 2018), https://thebulletin.org/2018/08/jaic-pentagon-debuts-artificial-intelligence-hub/. For a discussion of Project Maven, see Cheryl Pellerin, Project Maven to Deploy Computer Algorithms to War Zone by Year’s End, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (July 21, 2017), https://dod.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/1254719/project-maven-to-deploy-computer-algorithms-to-war-zone-by-years-end/.

  19. 19.

    https://ai.google/primciples/.

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    Id.

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    Josh Smith, Google Sets Limits on Its Use of AI But Allows Defense Work, WIRED (June 7, 2018), https://www.wired.com/story/google-sets-limits-on-its-use-of-ai-but-allows-defense-work/.

  22. 22.

    Naomi Nix, Google Drops Out of Pentagon’s $10 Billion Cloud Competition, BLOOMBERG (Oct. 8, 2018), https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-08/google-drops-out-of-pentagon-s-10-billion-cloud-competition.

  23. 23.

    Megan Henney, Microsoft, Amazon stand by military work, despite employee backlash, FOX BUSINESS (Nov. 1, 2018), https://www.foxbusiness.com/technology/microsoft-amazon-oracle-defend-us-military-contracts.

  24. 24.

    Klint Finley, Microsoft CEO Defends Army Contract for Augmented Reality, WIRED (Feb. 25, 2019, https://blog.wired.com/story/microsoft-ceo-defends-army-contract-augmented-reality/.

  25. 25.

    Daisuke Wakabayashi and Scott Shane, Google Will Not Renew Pentagon Contract That Upset Employees, NEW YORK TIMES (June 1, 2018), https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/01/technology/google-pentagon-project-maven.html.

  26. 26.

    Jade Leung, supra, note 227.

  27. 27.

    Tom Simonite, The ‘Mortal Danger of China’s Push into AI’, CENTRAL TIBETAN ADMINISTRATION (Jan. 24, 2019), https://www.tibet.net/2019/01/the-mortal-danger-of-chinas-push-into-ai/.

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    Alexandra Ma, China has started ranking citizens with a creepy ‘social credit’ system – here’s what you can do wrong, and the embarrassing, demeaning ways they can punish you, BUSINESSINSIDER (Oct. 29, 2018), https://www.businessinsider.com/china-social-credit-system-punishments-and-rewards-explained-2018-4.

  29. 29.

    The Office of Science and Technology was established by the National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976, Pub.L. 94-282, May 11, 1976, 90 Stat. 459 (42 U.S.C. 6601 et seq.). A copy of the legislation may be found at the Legal Information Institute, Cornell U., https://www.law.cornell.edu/topn/national_science_and_technology_policy_organization_and_priorities_act_of_1976.

  30. 30.

    Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence, EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT, OFFICE OF NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL COMMITTEE ON TECHNOLOGY (Oct. 2016), https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/whitehouse_files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/preparing_for_the_future_of_ai.pdf.

  31. 31.

    Id. at 1–2. The recommendations are at 40–42.

  32. 32.

    Id. at 2–3.

  33. 33.

    National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan, EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT, OFFICE OF NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL COMMITTEE ON TECHNOLOGY (Oct. 2016), https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/whitehouse_files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/national_ai_rd_strategic_plan.pdf.

  34. 34.

    Id. at 16–36.

  35. 35.

    Id. at 37.

  36. 36.

    ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, AUTOMATION, AND THE ECONOMY, EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT (Dec. 2016), https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/images/EMBARGOED%20AI%20Economy%20Report.pd.

    The report followed an earlier study by the Office of the President, PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT (Oct. 2016), https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/whitehouse_files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/preparing_for_the_future_of_ai.pdf.

  37. 37.

    Id. at 18.

  38. 38.

    Id. at 19.

  39. 39.

    Id. at 27–41.

  40. 40.

    Charter of the National Science and Technology Council, WHITE HOUSE OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (Nov. 23, 2013), https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/eop/ostp/nstc/about/executiveorder.

  41. 41.

    Summary of the 2018 White House Summit on Artificial Intelligence for American Industry, WHITE HOUSE OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY (May 10, 2018), https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Summary-Report-of-White-House-AI-Summit.pdf.

  42. 42.

    Summary of the 2018 White House Summit on Artificial Intelligence for American Industry, WHITE HOUSE OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY (May 10, 2018), App. A, Charter, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Summary-Report-of-White-House-AI-Summit.pdf.

  43. 43.

    Expanding Apprenticeships in America, Exec. Order No. 3245 (June 15, 2017), https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/3245/.

  44. 44.

    PRESIDENTIAL MEMORANDUM FOR THE SECRETARY OF EDUCATION (Sept. 25, 2017), https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-secretary-education/.

  45. 45.

    National Security Strategy of the United States of America (Dec. 2017), OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf.

  46. 46.

    National Defense Strategy of the United States of America, OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT, (2018), https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf.

  47. 47.

    Darrell M. West, Assessing Trump’s artificial intelligence executive order, BROOKINGS (Feb. 12, 2019), https://www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2019/02/12/assessing-trumps-artificial-intelligence-executive-order/.

  48. 48.

    Cade Metz, Trump Signs Executive Order Promoting Artificial Intelligence, NEW YORK TIMES (Feb. 11, 2019), https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/11/business/ai-artificial-intelligence-trump.html.

  49. 49.

    EXECUTIVE ORDER ON MAINTAINING AMERCAN LEADERSHIP IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (Feb. 11, 2019), https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-maintaining-american-leadership-artificial-intelligence/.

  50. 50.

    Id.

  51. 51.

    Mick Mulvaney and Michael Kratsios, Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies, M-18-22, EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT (July 31, 2018), https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/M-18-22.pdf.

  52. 52.

    For a discussion of the threat posed by hypersonics, see Robert Farley, Understanding the Threat Posed by Hypersonic Weapons, THE DIPLOMAT (Oct. 6, 2017), https://thediplomat.com/2017/10/understanding-the-threat-posed-by-hypersonic-weapons/.

  53. 53.

    A discussion and program emanating from the executive branch of the U.S. government concerning QIS is detailed in a report by the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science under the Committee of Science of the National Science & Technology Council, National Strategic Overview for Quantum Information Science, OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT (Sept. 2018), https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/National-Strategic-Overview-for-Quantum-Information-Science.pdf.

  54. 54.

    “5G” refers to fifth-generation wireless which is the latest cellular technology that is designed to provide greatly increased speed and responsiveness of wireless networks. It will also allow mobile operators to support certain uses of business cases, and does not require large, high-power cell towers but rather transmits signals through a large number of small cell stations. 5G, Margaret Rouse, https://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/5G.

  55. 55.

    About DARPA, DARPA, https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/about-darpa.

  56. 56.

    DARPA Announces $2 Billion Campaign to Develop Next Wave of AI Technologies, DARPA (Sept. 7, 2018), https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2018-09-07. For a detailed PowerPoint presentation, see John Launchbury, A DARPA Perspective on Artificial Intelligence, DARPA, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-O01G3tSYpU.

  57. 57.

    Id.

  58. 58.

    Artificial Intelligence Research Associate, FEDBIZOPPS.GOV, Solicitation Number: DARPA-PA-18-02-02, https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opSafely%20Ensuring%20Lives%20Future%20Deployment%20and%20Research%20in%20portunity&mode=form&id=ee78d74decc4851c873de9633967a3da&tab=core&_cview=0.

  59. 59.

    Quote of Dr. Boyan Onyshkevych, Generating Actionable Understanding of Real-World Phenomena with AI, DARPA (Jan. 4, 2019), https://darpa.mil/news-events/2019-01-04.

  60. 60.

    Id.

  61. 61.

    Drew Harwell, Defense Department pledges billions toward artificial intelligence research, WASHINGTON POST (Sept. 7, 2018), https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2018/09/07/defense-department-pledges-billions-toward-artificial-intelligence-research/?utm_term=.9ee6688ef8a7.

  62. 62.

    Our Mission, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, https://www.dhs.gov/our-mission.

  63. 63.

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  64. 64.

    Id. at iii.

  65. 65.

    Id., at iv.

  66. 66.

    Safely Ensuring Lives Future Deployment and Research in Vehicle Evolution Act, H.R. 3388, 115th Cong. 1st Sess. (2017–2018), https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house/bill/3388.

  67. 67.

    The Self-Drive Act: House Passes Bipartisan Legislation Paving the Way for Self-driving Cars on America’s Roads, HOUSE ENERGY AND COMMERCE COMMITTEE, https://energycommerce.house.gov/selfdrive/.

  68. 68.

    Id. The Act may be found at https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/3388/txt.

  69. 69.

    §3 of the Act.

  70. 70.

    §6 of the Act.

  71. 71.

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  73. 73.

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  74. 74.

    Automated Driving Systems 2.0: A Vision for Safety, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINSITRATION at 4, https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/13069a-ads2.0_090617_v9a_tag.pdf.

  75. 75.

    Id. at 20.

  76. 76.

    Id.

  77. 77.

    Autonomous Vehicle Report, FLORIDA HIGHWAY SAFETY AND MOTOR VEHICLES (Feb. 10, 2014), https://www.flhsmv.gov/html/HSMVAutonomousVehicleReport2014.pdf.

  78. 78.

    Cases cited by Huu Nguyen, Artificial Intelligence Law is Here, Part One, ABOVE THE LAW, https://abovethelaw.com/legal-innovation-center/2018/07/26/artificial-intelligence-law-is-here-part-one/.

  79. 79.

    Cruz v. Talmadge, 244 F.Supp.3d 231 (1977).

  80. 80.

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  1. Goldstein Academic Center 203, Pace University, Pleasantville, NY, USA

    Rosario Girasa

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Girasa, R. (2020). AI U.S. Policies and Regulations. In: Artificial Intelligence as a Disruptive Technology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35975-1_3

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