Abstract
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ)-parent families are underrepresented in studies of family and parenthood. With the growing visibility of sexual and gender minority lives, there are an unprecedented number of opportunities to examine LGBTQ-parent families with large-scale datasets. Yet, population-based and representative datasets are rarely or never used for this purpose. In this chapter, we provide a brief review of findings related to LGBTQ-parent families from extant population-based datasets while illuminating the challenges and advantages of using large-scale datasets to study LGBTQ-parent families. We close with suggestions for future research and provide a comprehensive appendix of more than 60 large-scale datasets that can be used to examine LGBTQ-parent families. These datasets include data that are representative at the national, state, and local levels; data that are large but not representative of a population; and two new datasets that are nationally representative of LGB and trans populations in the United States.
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Notes
- 1.
We use “LGBTQ-parent families” to be consistent with the nomenclature of this book, acknowledging the complexities of individual personal LGBTQ identities and experiences. As we describe in more detail later in this chapter, the datasets to which we refer often include measures of same-sex partnerships in households, and thus, the personal sexual identities of household members are often unknown. There are no known population studies of transgender-parent families.
- 2.
In the 1990 US Census, when the responding householder identified two persons of the same sex as being spouses, or legally married, the Census Bureau administratively changed the reported gender of the spouse in most cases. Thus, same-sex couple households were undercounted and reported as heterosexual married couple households.
- 3.
For example, Add Health, MIDUS, NCDS, and other datasets offer online searchable databases of publications and other uses of data. User seminars and conferences are held for a number of large-scale studies; for example, the US National Center for Health Statistics holds a National Conference on Health Statistics, offering hands-on education sessions on the full range of data systems they offer.
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Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge support for this research from the Priscilla Pond Flawn Endowment at the University of Texas at Austin. This work was supported by grant P2CHD042849, Population Research Center, and by grant T32HD007081, Training Program in Population Studies, both awarded to the Population Research Center at The University of Texas at Austin by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The research was also supported by a predoctoral training grant, F31MH115608, awarded to Allen Mallory in the Population Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin by the National Institute of Mental Health. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
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Appendix: Secondary Data Opportunities
Appendix: Secondary Data Opportunities
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American Community Survey
Representative of US population; http://www.census.gov/acs/www/
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American National Election Studies 2016 Time Series Study
Nationally representative sample of people in the United States over 18 in 2016; https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/series/3
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Annual Population Survey (UK) 2013–2017
Nationally representative longitudinal study of the United Kingdom; https://beta.ukdataservice.ac.uk/datacatalogue/studies/study?id=6721
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Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Representative at state level; http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/
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Brazil 2010 Census
Representative of Brazilian population in 2010; https://ww2.ibge.gov.br/english/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/default.shtm
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British Cohort Study
All infants (N = 17,200) born during a one-week period in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland in April 1970; https://beta.ukdataservice.ac.uk/datacatalogue/studies/study?id=5558
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British Household Panel Survey: Waves 1–18, 1991–2009
Nationally representative household survey of the United Kingdom collected for eighteen waves between 1991 and 2009; https://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/?sn=5151&type=Data%20catalogue
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California Health Interview Survey: Adult
Representative of the state of California; http://www.chis.ucla.edu/about.html
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California Quality of Life Survey
Gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals in the state of California; https://britecenter.org/current-projects/ca-quality-of-life-survey/
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Canadian Community Health Survey
Nationally representative sample of Canada that is collected annually; http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3226#a2
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Census for Puerto Rico
Representative of Puerto Rican residents; https://usa.ipums.org/usa-action/variables/SSMC#availability_section
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Census for Spain 2001 and 2011
Representative of Spain residents in 2001 and 2011; https://international.ipums.org/international-action/variables/SAMESEX#codes_section
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Civil Union Study 2000–2002
Population-based study of about 500 individuals in Vermont from 2000 to 2001; https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/31241
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Early Childhood Longitudinal Program-B
Nationally representative of 14,000 children born in the United States in 2001; https://nces.ed.gov/ecls/
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Early Childhood Longitudinal Program-K
Nationally representative longitudinal study of children from kindergarten to the eighth grade from the fall and the spring of kindergarten (1998–1999), the fall and spring of first grade (1999–2000), the spring of third grade (2002), the spring of fifth grade (2004), and the spring of eighth grade (2007); https://nces.ed.gov/ecls/
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Early Childhood Longitudinal Program-K 2011
Nationally representative US sample selected from both public and private schools attending both full-day and part-day kindergarten in 2010–2011; https://nces.ed.gov/ecls/
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Fragile Families (wave 15)
National weights make the data of 16 of the 20 cities representative of births in the 77 US cities with populations over 200,000. Wave 15 was collected between 2014 and 2017; https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/
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General Lifestyle Survey (2000–2011)
Previously known at the General Household Survey (GHS), a continuous nationally representative survey of people in Great Britain living in private households. Closed in 2011; https://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/?sn=6716&type=Data%20catalogue
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General Social Survey
Representative of US population; http://www.norc.org/GSS+Website/About+GSS/
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Generations
Nationally representative longitudinal sample of LGB individuals in the United States, starting in 2016; http://www.generations-study.com/
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How Couples Meet and Stay Together (Waves 1–5)
Nationally representative longitudinal sample of 4002 people in the United States collected from 2009 to 2015; https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/30103/variables?q=same+sex
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Longitudinal Study of Generations
Representative longitudinal study of families in Los Angeles collected for eight waves between 1971 and 2005; https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/22100/variables?q=partner
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Midlife in the United States
National sample of over 7000 adults ages 25–74, at wave 1, in the United States with multiple waves: wave 1 (1995–1997), wave 2 (2004–2009), a refresher (2011–2014), and wave 3 (2013–2014)—there is an African American subsample from Milwaukee at wave 2 (2005–2006) and wave 3 (2016–2017); https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/series/203
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National Adult Tobacco Survey
-
Representative of the states of the United States; https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/index.htm
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National Alcohol Survey
Nationally representative sample of 5000 US adults quinquennially; http://arg.org/resources-tools/databases/
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National Child Development Study
All infants (N = 17,500) born during a one-week period in England, Scotland, and Wales in March 1958; http://www.cls.ioe.ac.uk/page.aspx?&sitesectionid=724&sitesectiontitle=National+Child+Development+Study
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National Couples’ Health and Time Study
Representative of same-sex couples in the United States; data collection ongoing; https://projectreporter.nih.gov/project_info_description.cfm?aid=9596545&icde=43649856
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National Crime Victimization Survey
Nationally representative biennial sample of 49,000 households comprising about 100,000 persons; https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=dcdetail&iid=245
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National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions I and II
Nationally representative longitudinal sample with data collection beginning on 2001; https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh29-2/74-78.htm
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National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Condition III
Nationally representative US sample of 36, 309 individuals collected 2013–2014; https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/research/nesarc-iii
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National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Nationally representative US sample of about 5000 persons each year; https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/index.htm
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National Health and Social Life Survey
National probability sample of people between aged 18 and 59 in the United States collected in 1992; https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/6647/variables?q=parenting
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National Health Interview Survey
Representative of US population; http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/about_nhis.htm
-
National Household Education Survey
National sample of household members in the United States between 1991 and 2016; https://nces.ed.gov/nhes/
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National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (1996) Renamed the National Survey on Drug Use and Health
Nationally representative household survey of the United States; https://pdas.samhsa.gov/#/
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National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey
Nationally representative survey of people in the United States and individual states in 2010; https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NACJD/studies/34305?archive=NACJD&q=nisvs&permit%255B0%255D=AVAILABLE&x=0&y=0
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National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study
Recruitment occurred in Boston; Washington, DC; and San Francisco; http://www.nllfs.org/about/
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National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health
Representative of US population; http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth/about
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National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project
National household sample of 4440 people born between 1920 and 1947 in the United States between 2005 and 2006; https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/20541/summary
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National Survey of America’s Families 1999 and 2002
Nationally representative sample of 42,360 households with members under 65 in the United States in 1999; https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/3927/summary
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National Survey of Children’s Health
Nationally representative of the US population, with survey data collected annually as of 2016; http://childhealthdata.org/learn/NSCH/data
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National Survey of Families and Households
Nationally representative longitudinal sample of 13,007 people in the United States collected for three waves: wave 1 (1987–1988), wave 2 (1992–1994), and wave3 (2001–2002); https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/series/193
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National Survey of Family Growth
Prior to 2002, the sample was representative of women 15–44 living in the United States. Starting with the sixth wave in 2002, the population became representative of all people 15–44 living in the United States; www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr036.pdf
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National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles, 2000
Nationally representative of the United Kingdom collected 1990–1991, 1999–2001, and 2010–2012; https://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/?sn=8178&type=Data%20catalogue#documentation
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National Trans Discrimination Survey
The largest survey of trans individuals in the United States. Participants were about 28,000 respondents from all fifty states, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and US military bases overseas, and data was collected in 2015; http://www.ustranssurvey.org/reports#USTS
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New Family Structures Study
Nationally representative of the United States, with data collected from about 3000 adults between 2011 and 2012; https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/34392
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NLSY 79
Nationally representative US sample of 12,686 14–22 years old when they were first surveyed in 1979. These individuals were interviewed annually through 1994 and are currently interviewed on a biennial basis; https://www.bls.gov/nls/nlsy79.htm
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NLSY 97
Nationally representative longitudinal sample of approximately 9000 12 to 16 years beginning in 1996 who are interviewed on an annual basis; https://www.bls.gov/nls/nlsy97.htm
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Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey (pre1998 Called the Young Life and Times Survey)
Nationally representative of Ireland collected beginning in 1998; https://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/?sn=4587&type=Data%20catalogue
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Pairfam
Nationally representative longitudinal sample of more than 12,000 persons of the three birth cohorts 1971–1973, 1981–1983, 1991–1993 and their partners that is collected annually; http://www.pairfam.de/en/
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Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods
Representative longitudinal study of people living in Chicago between 1994 and 1995 and at subsequent waves between 1997–1999 and 2000–2001; https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/series/206
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Survey of Income and Program Participation
Representative of US population; http://www.census.gov/sipp/intro.html
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The National Child Development Study: Partnership Histories (1974–2013)
All adults born in Great Britain in one week in 1958. Studied longitudinally beginning in 1974; https://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/?sn=6940&type=Data%20catalogue
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TransPop
Representative of trans individuals in the United States; data collection ongoing; http://www.transpop.org/)
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United States Census (2010)
Representative of US population; http://2010.census.gov/2010census/index.php
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Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three-City Study
Low income families in Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio; http://web.jhu.edu/threecitystudy/index.html.
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Youth and Development Study
Random population sample of ~25,000 Dutch residents with children under 18 years old; https://www.narcis.nl/dataset/RecordID/oai%3Aeasy.dans.knaw.nl%3Aeasy-dataset%3A61653/id/1/Language/NL/uquery/OJO/coll/dataset
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Youth Development Study, 1988–2011
Representative longitudinal study of ninth graders in St. Paul Public School District in Minnesota between 1987 and 1988 and subsequent waves until 2011 including participant parents and participant children; https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/24881/summary
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Russell, S.T., Bishop, M.D., Mallory, A.B., Muraco, J.A. (2020). The Use of Representative Datasets to Study LGBTQ-Parent Families: Challenges, Advantages, and Opportunities. In: Goldberg, A.E., Allen, K.R. (eds) LGBTQ-Parent Families. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35610-1_29
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