Abstract
This chapter argues that the debate about the proper relationship between member states and EU institutions usually pits those who favour emphasising intergovernmental principles against those who think that the Union must have an increased element of supranationalism. One result of a stalemate between these two positions is that the EU has developed into a hybrid regime. However, an empirical examination of recent debates in four important policy areas conducted by the authors reveals that member states often take a third position, incrementalism, which is a step-wise process characterised by advocating small policy reforms without really altering the hybrid. The main drawback of the incrementalism position is that it has only a vague notion of the need for and possibility of representative democracy.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution by Agnes Elfving, MA, with regard to the empirical work and the first translation from Swedish.
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Notes
- 1.
Our use of the concept of ‘incrementalism’ draws, of course, on Lindblom’s use of the term as something that involves policy-makers who learn and act on the basis of trial and error and who use step-by-step strategies to tackle complex situations. As pointed out by the more recent ‘punctuated equilibrium’ approach, this does not preclude sudden larger shifts or changes that are quite significant over time, even if they were reached in a step-by-step process (Howlett and Migone 2011).
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Bergman, T., Blomgren, M. (2020). The EU Hybrid: Incrementalism with Democracy?. In: Bakardjieva Engelbrekt, A., Leijon, K., Michalski, A., Oxelheim, L. (eds) The European Union and the Return of the Nation State. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35005-5_2
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