Skip to main content

Appearance-Based Loop Closure Detection with Scale-Restrictive Visual Features

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Computer Vision Systems (ICVS 2019)

Abstract

In this paper, an appearance-based loop closure detection pipeline for autonomous robots is presented. Our method uses scale-restrictive visual features for image representation with a view to reduce the computational cost. In order to achieve this, a training process is performed, where a feature matching technique indicates the features’ repeatability with respect to scale. Votes are distributed into the database through a nearest neighbor method, while a binomial probability function is responsible for the selection of the most suitable loop closing pair. Subsequently, a geometrical consistency check on the chosen pair follows. The method is subjected into an extensive evaluation via a variety of outdoor, publicly-available datasets revealing high recall rates for 100\(\%\) precision, as compared against its baseline version, as well as, other state-of-the-art approaches.

This research has been co-financed by the European Union and Greek national funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, under the call RESEARCH – CREATE – INNOVATE (project code: T1EDK-00737). The paper was partially supported by project ETAA, DUTH Research Committee 81328.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Angeli, A., Filliat, D., Doncieux, S., Meyer, J.A.: A fast and incremental method for loop-closure detection using bags of visual words. IEEE Trans. Robot. 1027–1037 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Arandjelovic, R., Gronat, P., Torii, A., Pajdla, T., Sivic, J.: NetVLAD: CNN architecture for weakly supervised place recognition. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 5297–5307 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Baeza-Yates, R., Ribeiro-Neto, B., et al.: Modern Information Retrieval, vol. 463. ACM Press, New York (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Balaska, V., Bampis, L., Gasteratos, A.: Graph-based semantic segmentation. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Robotics in Alpe-Adria Danube Region, pp. 572–579 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bampis, L., Amanatiadis, A., Gasteratos, A.: Encoding the description of image sequences: a two-layered pipeline for loop closure detection. In: Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 4530–4536 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bampis, L., Amanatiadis, A., Gasteratos, A.: Fast loop-closure detection using visual-word-vectors from image sequences. Int. J. Robot. Res. 37(1), 62–82 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Bay, H., Tuytelaars, T., Van Gool, L.: Surf: speeded-up robust features. In: Proceedings of European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 404–417 (2006)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  8. Blanco, J.L., Moreno, F.A., Gonzalez, J.: A collection of outdoor robotic datasets with centimeter-accuracy ground truth. Auton. Robots 27(4), 327 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Chow, C., Liu, C.: Approximating discrete probability distributions with dependence trees. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 14(3), 462–467 (1968)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  10. Cieslewski, T., Stumm, E., Gawel, A., Bosse, M., Lynen, S., Siegwart, R.: Point cloud descriptors for place recognition using sparse visual information. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 4830–4836 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Cummins, M., Newman, P.: Appearance-only SLAM at large scale with FAB-MAP 2.0. Int. J. Robot. Res. 30(9), 1100–1123 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Durrant-Whyte, H., Bailey, T.: Simultaneous localization and mapping: Part I. IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag. 13(2), 99–110 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Erkent, Ö., Bozma, H.I.: Bubble space and place representation in topological maps. Int. J. Robot. Res. 32(6), 672–689 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Fischler, M.A., Bolles, R.C.: Random sample consensus: a paradigm for model fitting with applications to image analysis and automated cartography. Commun. ACM 24(6), 381–395 (1981)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  15. Gálvez-López, D., Tardos, J.D.: Bags of binary words for fast place recognition in image sequences. IEEE Trans. Robot. 28(5), 1188–1197 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Garcia-Fidalgo, E., Ortiz, A.: iBoW-LCD: an appearance-based loop-closure detection approach using incremental bags of binary words. IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 3(4), 3051–3057 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Gehrig, M., Stumm, E., Hinzmann, T., Siegwart, R.: Visual place recognition with probabilistic voting. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Singapore, pp. 3192–3199, May 2017

    Google Scholar 

  18. Geiger, A., Lenz, P., Urtasun, R.: Are we ready for autonomous driving? The KITTI vision benchmark suite. In: Proceedings of Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Khan, S., Wollherr, D.: IBuILD: incremental bag of binary words for appearance based loop closure detection. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 5441–5447 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kostavelis, I., Gasteratos, A.: Semantic mapping for mobile robotics tasks: a survey. Robot. Auton. Syst. 66, 86–103 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Leutenegger, S., Chli, M., Siegwart, R.: BRISK: binary robust invariant scalable keypoints. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 2548–2555 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Lowe, D.G.: Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 60(2), 91–110 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Lynen, S., Bosse, M., Furgale, P.T., Siegwart, R.: Placeless place-recognition. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on 3D Vision, pp. 303–310 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Maffra, F., Chen, Z., Chli, M.: Tolerant place recognition combining 2D and 3D information for UAV navigation. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 2542–2549 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Milford, M.J., Wyeth, G.F.: SeqSLAM: visual route-based navigation for sunny summer days and stormy winter nights. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 1643–1649 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Mur-Artal, R., Tardós, J.D.: Fast relocalisation and loop closing in keyframe-based SLAM. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 846–853 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Newman, P., Cole, D., Ho, K.: Outdoor SLAM using visual appearance and laser ranging. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 1180–1187 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Radenović, F., Tolias, G., Chum, O.: CNN image retrieval learns from BoW: unsupervised fine-tuning with hard examples. In: Proceedings of European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 3–20 (2016)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  29. Rublee, E., Rabaud, V., Konolige, K., Bradski, G.: ORB: an efficient alternative to SIFT or SURF. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 2564–2571, November 2011

    Google Scholar 

  30. Sivic, J., Zisserman, A.: Video Google: a text retrieval approach to object matching in videos, p. 1470 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  31. SĂĽnderhauf, N., Dayoub, F., Shirazi, S., Upcroft, B., Milford, M.: On the performance of convnet features for place recognition. arXiv preprint arXiv:1501.04158 (2015)

  32. Thrun, S., Leonard, J.J.: Simultaneous localization and mapping. In: Siciliano, B., Khatib, O. (eds.) Springer Handbook of Robotics, pp. 871–889. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  33. Tsintotas, K.A., Bampis, L., Gasteratos, A.: Assigning visual words to places for loop closure detection. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 1–7 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Tsintotas, K.A., Bampis, L., Gasteratos, A.: DOSeqSLAM: dynamic on-line sequence based loop closure detection algorithm for SLAM. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Imaging Systems and Techniques, pp. 1–6 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Tsintotas, K.A., Bampis, L., Gasteratos, A.: Probabilistic appearance-based place recognition through bag of tracked words. IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 4(2), 1737–1744 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Tsintotas, K.A., Bampis, L., Rallis, S., Gasteratos, A.: SeqSLAM with bag of visual words for appearance based loop closure detection. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Robotics in Alpe-Adria Danube Region, pp. 580–587 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Zhang, G., Lilly, M.J., Vela, P.A.: Learning binary features online from motion dynamics for incremental loop-closure detection and place recognition. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 765–772. IEEE (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Zhang, H.: BoRF: loop-closure detection with scale invariant visual features. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 3125–3130 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Konstantinos A. Tsintotas .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Tsintotas, K.A., Giannis, P., Bampis, L., Gasteratos, A. (2019). Appearance-Based Loop Closure Detection with Scale-Restrictive Visual Features. In: Tzovaras, D., Giakoumis, D., Vincze, M., Argyros, A. (eds) Computer Vision Systems. ICVS 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11754. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34995-0_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34995-0_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-34994-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-34995-0

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics