Skip to main content

Environmental Sustainability in Urban China

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Chinese Cities in the 21st Century

Abstract

The rapid economic development and urbanization in China lead to serious environmental consequences in the last 40 years. Based on the empirical studies conducted by my coauthors and me, this chapter investigates the environmental consequences of China’s ongoing fast urbanization. The revealed preference evidences from the housing market and self-protection behaviors illustrate that Chinese urbanites’ demand for green cities is rising. Our studies also show that the inclusion of greenness in local officials’ promotion criteria and the rising information transparency have incentivized local leaders to respond to such a demand by regulating pollution. I also discuss the future trend and dynamics of pollution, and the environmental justice in China’s context.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Andreoni, J., & Levinson, A. (2001). The simple analytics of the environmental Kuznets curve. Journal of Public Economics, 80(2), 269–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aunan, K., & Pan, X. C. (2004). Exposure-response functions for health effects of ambient air pollution applicable for China – A meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 329(1–3), 3–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, R., & Henderson, V. (2000). Effects of air quality regulations on polluting industries. Journal of Political Economy, 108(2), 379–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berman, E., & Bui, L. T. M. (2001). Environmental regulation and productivity: Evidence from oil refineries. Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(3), 498–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bo, Z. (1996). Economic performance and political mobility: Chinese provincial leaders. Journal of Contemporary China, 5(12), 135–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cain, L., & Rotella, E. (2001). Death and spending: Urban mortality and municipal expenditure on sanitation. Annales de Démographie Historique, 101(1), 139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y., Li, H., & Zhou, L.-A. (2005). Relative performance evaluation and the turnover of provincial leaders in China. Economics Letters, 88(3), 421–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y., Ebenstein, A., Greenstone, M., & Li, H. (2013). Evidence on the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from China’s Huai River policy. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Economics Working Paper Series, 13(15), 1–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clay, K., Troesken, W., & Haines, M. (2006). Lead pipes and child mortality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w12603.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Clay, K., Troesken, W., & Haines, M. R. (2010). Lead, mortality, and productivity. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, D. M., & Miller, G. (2005). The role of public health improvements in health advances: The twentieth-century United States. Demography, 42(1), 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebenstein, B. A., Fan, M., Greenstone, M., & He, G. (2015). High stakes energy and environmental problems in developing countries: Growth, pollution, and life expectancy: China from 1991–2012. American Economic Review, 105(5), 226–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrie, J., & Troesken, W. (2005). Death and the city: Chicago’s mortality transition, 1850–1925. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w11427.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Greenstone, M. (2002). The impacts of environmental regulations on industrial activity: Evidence from the 1970 and 1977 clean air act amendments and the census of manufactures. Journal of Political Economy, 110(6), 1175–1219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. Quaterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gyourko, J., & Tracy, J. (1991). The structure of local public finance and the quality of life. Journal of Political Economy, 99(4), 774–806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haines, M. R. (2001). The urban mortality transition in the United States, 1800–1940. Annales de Démographie Historique, 101(1), 33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hårsman, B., & Quigley, J. M. (2010). Political and public acceptability of congestion pricing: Ideology and self-interest. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 29(4), 854–874.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He, J. (2006). Pollution haven hypothesis and environmental impacts of foreign direct investment: The case of industrial emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in Chinese provinces. Ecological Economics, 60(1), 228–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, M. E., & Zheng, S. (2016). Blue skies over Beijing: Economic growth and the environment in China. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Landry, P. F. (2008). Decentralized authoritarianism in China. The Americas, 32, 10013–12473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, H., & Zhou, L.-A. (2005). Political turnover and economic performance: The incentive role of personnel control in China. Journal of Public Economics, 89(9–10), 1743–1762.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • List, J. A., & Sturm, D. M. (2006). How elections matter: Theory and evidence from environmental policy. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(4), 1249–1281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neidell, M. (2009). Information, avoidance behavior, and health. Journal of Human Resources, 44(2), 450–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roback, J. (1982). Wages, rents, and the quality of life. Journal of Political Economy, 90(6), 1257–1278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, S. (2002). Markets and diversity. American Economic Review, 92(1), 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sigman, H. (2002). International spillovers and water quality in rivers: Do countries free ride? American Economic Review, 92(4), 1152–1159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stokey, N. L. (1998). Are there limits to growth? International Economic Review, 39(1), 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The World Bank/State Environmental Protection Administration. (2007). Cost of pollution in China conference edition cost of pollution in China. The World Bank, 86(10), 128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, A. L. (2013). The search for sustainable legitimacy: Environmental law and bureaucracy in China. Harvard Environmental Law Review, 37, 365–440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., & Mu, Q. (2017). Air pollution and defensive expenditures: Evidence from particulate-filtering facemasks. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 92, 517–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, K. H., & Song, S. (2003). Rural-urban migration and urbanization in China: Evidence from time-series and cross-section analyses. China Economic Review, 14(4), 386–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, L., Sun, C., Liu, H., & Zheng, S. (2016). The role of public information in increasing homebuyers’ willingness-to-pay for green housing: Evidence from Beijing. Ecological Economics, 129, 40–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, S., & Kahn, M. E. (2008). Land and residential property markets in a booming economy: New evidence from Beijing. Journal of Urban Economics, 63(2), 743–757.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, S., & Kahn, M. E. (2013). Understanding China’s urban pollution dynamics. Journal of Economic Literature, 51(3), 731–772.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, S., & Kahn, M. E. (2017). A new era of pollution progress in urban China? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(1), 71–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, S., Kahn, M. E., & Liu, H. (2010). Towards a system of open cities in China: Home prices, FDI flows and air quality in 35 major cities. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 40(1), 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, S., Wang, R., Glaeser, E. L., & Kahn, M. E. (2011). The greenness of China: Household carbon dioxide emissions and urban development. Journal of Economic Geography, 11(5), 761–792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, S., Wu, J., Kahn, M. E., & Deng, Y. (2012). The nascent market for “green” real estate in Beijing. European Economic Review, 56(5), 974–984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, S., Cao, J., Kahn, M. E., & Sun, C. (2014a). Real estate valuation and cross-boundary air pollution externalities: Evidence from Chinese cities. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 48(3), 398–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, S., Kahn, M. E., Sun, W., & Luo, D. (2014b). Incentives for China’s urban mayors to mitigate pollution externalities: The role of the central government and public environmentalism. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 47(1), 61–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, S., Matthew, E. K., Weizeng, S., & Danglun, L. (2014c). Incentives for China’s urban mayors to mitigate pollution externalities: The role of the central government and public environmentalism. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 47, 61–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, S., Sun, C., & Kahn, M. E. (2015a, July). Self-protection investment exacerbates air pollution exposure inequality in urban China (NBER working paper no. 21301, pp. 1–23).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, S., Sun, C., Qi, Y., & Kahn, M. E. (2015b). The evolving geography of China’s industrial production: Implications for pollution dynamics and urban quality of life. China’s Economy: A Collection of Surveys, 28(4), 125–141.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Siqi Zheng .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Zheng, S. (2020). Environmental Sustainability in Urban China. In: Huang, Y. (eds) Chinese Cities in the 21st Century. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34780-2_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34780-2_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-34779-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-34780-2

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics