Abstract
In 2008, the EU adopted the third postal directive. This legislation introduced the legal basis for gradual market opening. It set a deadline of 31 December 2010 for full market opening for 16 member states and 31 December 2012 for the remaining 11 member states, mostly from the Central and Eastern European countries (Crew and Kleindorfer 2008, p. 3; Snażyk 2015, p. 13). The third postal directive also changed the method, in which the universal postal service could be provided and financed. Additionally, the directive required the EU Commission to provide assistance to member states on its implementation, including the calculation of any net cost of the universal service (Bailly and Meidinger 2011).
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Notes
- 1.
PP is a joint-stock company solely owned by the state.
- 2.
Act of 1 January 2013 Postal Law, consolidated text Journal of Laws of 2012, item 1529, as amended.
- 3.
Source: UKE. (2018). Report on the state of the postal market in 2017.
- 4.
Basically: Art. 36 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (CFR) and Art. 14, the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (TFEU).
- 5.
There are constitutional sources of universal service in Poland: Art. 20 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland (CRP), Art. 32 CRP (prohibition of discrimination), or Art. 69 CRP (special assistance for the disabled).
- 6.
Deutsche Post DHL is a designated operator in terms of international postal regulations, i.e., for the Universal Postal Union.
- 7.
Party may appeal against the President UKE administrative decision to the administrative courts [Administrative Voivodeship Court in Warsaw]. The judicial control exercised by the administrative courts against the decisions is performed on the basis of the legality (model of cassation).
- 8.
The public tender for providing mail service for common courts in Poland in 2016–2018 was won by PP and 2019–2022.
- 9.
Ordinance of the Minister of Administration and Digitization of 6 May 2013 on the methodology for setting maximum annual levels of fees for universal services, Journal of Laws of 2013, item 543.
- 10.
Yearly price indices of consumer goods and services in Poland were 2013, 0,9%; 2014, 0%; 2015, −0,9%; 2016, −0,6%; 2017, 2,0%; and 2018, 1,6%. [https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/prices-trade/price-indices/price-indices-of-consumer-goods-and-services/yearly-price-indices-of-consumer-goods-and-services-from-1950/].
- 11.
According to the Postal Law Act, registered item is a letter item which is a recorded item, transported and delivered in a manner that protects it against loss, partial loss of its contents, or damage.
- 12.
According to the Postal Law Act, letter item is an item of correspondence or a printed form, excluding direct mail.
- 13.
Source: The UKE Report on the state of the postal market in 2016
- 14.
The segment of the services falling within the scope of universal service includes letter items and postal parcels of the weight and dimensions specified for universal service and items for the blind, not provided by the designated operator to offer universal service. Services falling within the scope of universal service do not include postal services consisting in clearance, sorting, transport, and delivery of courier items.
- 15.
Economists have not yet been able to reach a broad consensus over the definition of an entry barrier, although I acknowledged the entry barrier as proposed by Fee, Preston, R., Hugo M. Mialon, and Michael A. Williams that “an economic barrier to entry is a cost that must be incurred by a new entrant and that incumbents do not or have not had to incur.”
- 16.
Directive 2002/22/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on universal service and users’ rights relating to electronic communications networks and services (Universal Service Directive) (OJ L 108 24.4.2002, p. 51). Similar regulation is in Art. 84 Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code (Recast), (OJ L 321, 17.12.2018, p. 36–214).
- 17.
Act of 16 July 2004 Telecommunications Law, consolidated text Journal of Laws of 2018, item 1954, uniform text.
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Chołodecki, M. (2020). The Compensation Fund on the Postal Market: The Polish Case. In: Parcu, P.L., Brennan, T.J., Glass, V. (eds) The Changing Postal Environment. Topics in Regulatory Economics and Policy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34532-7_11
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