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Racing for the Surface pp 543–581Cite as

Antibacterial Polymeric and Peptide Gels/Hydrogels to Prevent Biomaterial-Related Infections

Abstract

The emerging threat of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic microbes is a menace to public health. The situation is equally alarming so far as biomaterial-related infections resulting from implantation are concerned. Antibiotics were considered effective in treating bacterial infections and saved millions of lives from infection but the repeated use of antibiotics has led to the development of resistance in microbes. Several strategies have been developed to address the challenge of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Examples include the use of antiseptics, antiadhesives, metal ions and nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, graphene and graphene oxide, antimicrobial peptides, and antimicrobial polymers. Even though these approaches offer varying degree of success, they are also associated with serious limitations. Consequently, scientists have focused their efforts toward the development of self-assembled peptide and polymeric gels/hydrogels, as antibacterial biomaterials, to address the challenge of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. This chapter provides a critical review of the developments in the field of antibacterial self-assembled peptides and polymeric gels/hydrogels for treating biomaterial-related infections.

Keywords

  • Antibacterial
  • Antibiotic resistance
  • Bacterial infection
  • Biomaterial-related infection
  • Polymeric hydrogel
  • Self-assembled peptide gel

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Abbreviations

SiCl4:

Silicon tetrachloride

A. baumannii :

Acinetobacter baumannii

AG:

Agarose

AgNPs:

Silver nanoparticles

A-lys:

Acryloyl-lysine

AMPs:

Antimicrobial peptides

BMA:

n-butyl methacrylate

BP:

Bacterial polysaccharide

C. albicans :

Candida albicans

cfu/dm2:

Colony-forming units/decimeter square

cfu/mL:

Colony-forming units per milliliter

CH:

Chlorhexidine

CMC/ODex:

Carboxymethyl chitosan/oxidized dextran

CNF:

Carboxylated cellulose nanofiber

CTX:

Ceftriaxone sodium

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

E. coli :

Escherichia coli

E. faecalis :

Enterococcus faecalis

EAK 16-II:

AEAEAKAKAEAEAKAK

EPL-MA:

Epsilon-poly-l-lysine-graft-methacrylamide

EPS:

Extracellular polymeric substances

F. solani :

Fusarium solani

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration USA

G:

Gelatin

GO:

Graphene oxide

h:

Hour

hMSCs:

Human mesenchymal stem cells

hRBCs:

Human red blood cells

HRTEM:

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy

K. pneumonia :

Klebsiella pneumonia

KLD-12:

Ac-KLDLKLDLKLDL-NH2

L. ivanovii :

Listeria ivanovii

M. smegmatis :

Mycobacterium smegmatis

M. tuberculosis :

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

MAX-1:

VKVKVKVKVDPPTKVKVKVKV-NH2

MDR:

Multidrug resistance

MRSA:

Methicillin-resistant S. aureus

MWNTs:

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes

NCG:

Natural cashew gum

NH007:

Boc-D-Phe-γ4-L-Phe-PEA

NH009:

Boc-L-Phe-γ4-L-Phe-PEA

NVP:

N-vinylpyrrolidone

P. aeruginosa :

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

P. gingivalis :

Porphyromonas gingivalis

P1:

Boc-AUDA-Phe-COOH

P2:

Boc-AUDA-Phg-COOH

pCBOH1:

Poly(2-((2-hydroxyethyl) (2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl) (methyl) ammonio) acetate

pCBOH2:

Poly(2-(bis(2-hydroxyethyl) (2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl) ammonio) acetate)

PDMAEMA:

Poly(2-dimethylamino) ethylmethacrylate

PDR:

Pandrug resistance

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PEGDA:

Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate

PES:

Poly(ether sulfone)

PET:

Polyethylene terephthalate

PF 127:

Pluronic F-127

PHMB:

Polyhexamethylene biguanide

PLLA-PEG-PLLA:

Poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide)

PNIPAAm:

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

QAC:

Quaternary ammonium compounds

QCS:

Quaternized chitosan

RBCs:

Red blood cells

rBMSC:

Rat bone mesenchymal stem cell

rGO:

Reduced graphene oxide

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

S. aureus :

Staphylococcus aureus

S. epidermidis :

Staphylococcus epidermidis

S. mutans :

Streptococcus mutans

S. pyogenes :

Streptococcus pyogenes

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SPAAC:

Strain-promoted alkyne–azide cycloaddition

SWCNTs:

Single-wall carbon nanotubes

UV:

Ultraviolet

WHO:

World Health Organization

XRD:

Extensively drug resistant

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge our students (PhD, MSc, and MTech) and colleagues who contributed to this work and the financial support to YS from the CSIR, New Delhi (grant # 02(0245)/15/EMR-II) and SERB, New Delhi (grant # EMR/2017/000045).

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  1. Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, India

    Kamal Malhotra & Yashveer Singh

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  1. Kamal Malhotra
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  2. Yashveer Singh
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Correspondence to Yashveer Singh .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA

    Bingyun Li

  2. Microbiology Lab, AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Graubünden, Switzerland

    Thomas Fintan Moriarty

  3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA

    Thomas Webster

  4. Engineering and Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

    Malcolm Xing

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Malhotra, K., Singh, Y. (2020). Antibacterial Polymeric and Peptide Gels/Hydrogels to Prevent Biomaterial-Related Infections. In: Li, B., Moriarty, T., Webster, T., Xing, M. (eds) Racing for the Surface. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34475-7_23

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