Engaging Hard-to-Reach, Hidden, and Seldom-Heard Populations in Research

Abstract

It is imperative that researchers consult and include members of their true target group in research. This is especially important when the target group is challenging to engage. Researchers should ensure that findings are applicable to contexts outside of the study situation (for qualitative research) or their participants are representative (for quantitative research) of the target group so that the results may be generalizable to others outside of the research study. It is difficult to connect with some groups of people who (1) are hard to find, (2) who do not wish to be found, or (3) who are not typically recruited in research using traditionally planned recruitment methods. These groups can also be referred to as hard-to-reach (i.e., hard to find), hidden populations (i.e., those who do not wish to be found), and seldom-heard (i.e., those who are often not included in recruitment). This chapter describes similarities and differences between these groups and offers strategies to recognize, address, and overcome challenges and to support inclusion of these groups in research. The importance of developing meaningful and authentic relationships with these participants is addressed in a separate chapter.