Abstract
Worldwide, global warming is a very important concern. This refers to climate change caused by human activities, which affect the environment. Climate change presents a serious threat to the natural world. This is likely to affect our future unless action is taken to avoid such phenomena. In addition, without ambitious mitigation efforts, global temperature rises will occur in this century. In recent years, countries all over the world have had their own vision directed toward renewable energy, which is a clean option to will help to avoid the results of global warming. One of these energy sources is solar energy. The idea of solar energy has been raised to improve sustainability in individual countries and in the energy sector. Various countries have made decisions to develop renewable energy projects. Solar energy plans have become important in recent years. Integration of variable energy resources into an electricity grid can use solar photovoltaics as a main resource. These variable energy resources, as new resources, are currently envisioned to be either wind or solar photovoltaics. However, the output of these types of resources can be highly variable and depend on weather fluctuations such as wind speed and cloud cover. Since photovoltaic power generation is highly dependent on weather conditions, photovoltaic power generation operates differently in different regions. In particular, solar irradiance affects photovoltaic power generation. This means that solar power forecasting becomes an important tool for optimal economic management of the electric power network. In this chapter, an artificial intelligence technique is recommended to calculate the number of solar power panels required to satisfy a given estimated daily electricity load for five countries: the Kingdom of Bahrain, Egypt, India, Thailand, and the UK. Such artificial intelligence techniques play an important role in modeling and prediction in renewable energy engineering. The main focus of this chapter is the design of photovoltaic solar power plants, which help to reduce carbon dioxide emissions where they are connected to the national electricity grid in order to feed the grid with the extra electricity they generate. In this case, the power plant becomes more efficient than a combined cycle plant. At the same time, modeling and prediction in renewable energy engineering helps engineers to make predictions regarding future required loads.
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Abbreviations
- ANFIS:
-
Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system
- ANN:
-
Artificial neural network
- APopPV:
-
Actual power output of a photovoltaic panel
- Bapco:
-
Bahrain Petroleum Company
- BHD:
-
Bahraini dinars
- CombE:
-
Combined efficiency
- CPV:
-
Concentrated photovoltaic
- CSP:
-
Concentrated solar power
- EnPby1PD:
-
Energy produced by a 1-peak-watt panel in a day
- FS:
-
Feature selection
- GCC:
-
Gulf Cooperation Council
- GWh:
-
Gigawatt-hour
- ICT:
-
Information and communications technology
- IPP:
-
Independent power producer
- IRENA:
-
International Renewable Energy Agency
- KISR:
-
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
- kWh:
-
Kilowatt-hour
- kWp:
-
Peak kilowatt
- MENA:
-
Middle East and North Africa
- MLR:
-
Multiple linear regression
- NhrsPD:
-
Number of hours per day
- NoUnits:
-
Number of units
- NREAP:
-
National Renewable Energy Action Plan
- NSP:
-
Number of solar power panels required to satisfy a given estimated daily electricity load
- OpF:
-
Operating factor
- Ophrs:
-
Operating hours
- PEndU:
-
Power used at the end use [it is less because of lower combined efficiency of the system]
- PGF:
-
Panel generation factor
- PPR:
-
Peak power rating
- PV:
-
Photovoltaic
- QSE:
-
Qatar Solar Energy
- REPDO:
-
Renewable Energy Projects Development Office
- REQP:
-
Rating of the equipment
- RES:
-
Renewable energy source
- SEIA:
-
Solar Energy Industries Association
- STEEB:
-
Solar Technology Energy and Environment in Bahrain
- TRL:
-
Total required load (total connected load)
- TWh:
-
Terawatt-hour
- TWhrR:
-
Total watt-hour rating of the system
- UAE:
-
United Arab Emirates
- VER:
-
Variable energy resource
- Wp:
-
Peak watt
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Qamber, I.S., Al-Hamad, M.Y. (2020). Photovoltaic Design for Smart Cities and Demand Forecasting Using a Truncated Conjugate Gradient Algorithm. In: Amini, M. (eds) Optimization, Learning, and Control for Interdependent Complex Networks. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1123. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34094-0_12
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