Abstract
This chapter compares the way in which the EU defines and promotes gender equality and the empowerment of women on the one hand and the conceptions of women’s rights in Southern Mediterranean Countries (SMCs) on the other. The chapter begins by examining the evolution and metamorphosis of the EU’s self-image as a gender entrepreneur, followed by an in-depth analysis of EU gender promotion policy in the region both before and after the Uprisings, in theory and in practice. It then examines the progress that has been made in SMCs in gender equality and concludes by discussing the attitudes of women and men in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia to gender equality. It concludes that there is a mismatch between EU gender policy and the attitudes of citizens, with the latter remaining conservative with strong support for family policy being based on shari’a.
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Notes
- 1.
In the rest of this chapter, ‘gender equality’ should be taken as ‘gender equality and the empowerment of women’ unless we explicitly state otherwise.
- 2.
Other international agreements have included gender values. Those to which the EU refers are the Vienna Declaration by the UN World Conference on Human Rights 1994 (World Conference on Human Rights 1993), the Beijing Declaration (UN Women 1995), the Millennium Development Goals 2000, now replaced by the Sustainable Development Goals 2015 (United Nations Development Programme Regional Bureau for Arab States 2018).
- 3.
This Directive was amended in 2002 (Council Directive 2002/73/EC).
- 4.
Amended in 1996 (Council Directive 96/97/EC).
- 5.
- 6.
It is difficult to be precise about this as the number of countries included in the GGI has increased since 2006 and 2010, but the four countries have always been amongst the poorest performing countries on the index.
- 7.
Source: World Economic Forum Global Gender Gap Indexes 2006–2018. Note for all data and indexes referred in this section can be found under data sources in the references.
- 8.
- 9.
Details of the composition of the Index can be accessed at: https://www.genderindex.org/data/#restricted-physical-integrity.
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Teti, A., Abbott, P., Talbot, V., Maggiolini, P. (2020). Gender Equality in Theory and Practice. In: Democratisation against Democracy. The European Union in International Affairs. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33883-1_8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33883-1_8
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Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-33882-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-33883-1
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)