Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Young and Women Entrepreneurs in Neo-endogenous Development

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Neoendogenous Development in European Rural Areas

Part of the book series: Springer Geography ((SPRINGERGEOGR))

Abstract

Research has shown that rather than helping rural development programmes tend to discriminate against the most disadvantaged social groups and geographic areas. Women and young people are amongst the most affected social groups while remote, mountainous regions are normally the most vulnerable geographic areas. The economic crisis in Spain made it difficult to find work in the cities and in the construction and services industries, which had hitherto been an abundant source of employment for young people and women from country areas. These changes forced people from these social groups to look for new ways of earning a living with the result that increasing numbers of women and young people began to consider setting up their own businesses. In this chapter, we will be assessing the participation of these groups as entrepreneurs within the LEADER axis in Andalusia. The results show that, in spite of their increasing participation, the number of women and young entrepreneurs remain below their share of the population. We also found that within these more marginal social groups, young businesswomen made the lowest average investments and generated the fewest jobs as most view their businesses as a means of self-employment. We also observed that rural entrepreneurs were more likely to employ people of their own sex.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    https://www.alfanevada.info/pdf/1-MP-Fase1-v3-manual.pdf. The only exception to the rule classifying young people as under-35 s is for the measures in support of young farmers. These are defined as people who have turned eighteen and have not yet turned forty and who work or wish to work as farmers in accordance with Article 2 of Law 19/1995, of 4th July on the Modernization of agricultural holdings.

  2. 2.

    Towns and number of entrepreneurs of both sexes: Jerez de la Frontera (60), Conil de la Frontera (36), Fuente Obejuna (25), Antequera (23), Zafarraya (21), Cartaya (21), Mollina (21), Vejer de la Frontera (20), Ayamonte (19), Archidona (17), Carmona (17), Castro del Río (15), Nerva (14), Iznalloz (13), Huelma (13), Villanueva del Trabuco (13), Lora del Río (13), Aracena (12), Peñarroya-Pueblonuevo (11), Guadahortuna (11), Minas de Riotinto (11), Cazorla (11), Coín (11), Cazalla de la Sierra (11), Pilas (11), Láujar de Andarax (10).

  3. 3.

    Towns and number of female entrepreneurs: Jerez de la Frontera (26), Cazorla (10), Ayamonte (9), Fuente Obejuna (8), Cartaya (8), Antequera (7), Mollina (7), Quesada (6), Carmona (6), Pilas (6), Montoro (5), Punta Umbría (5).

  4. 4.

    Towns with large numbers of young women entrepreneurs: Jerez de la Frontera (8), Pilas (6), Jódar (4), Mollina (4), Carmona (4), Conil de la Frontera (3), Cumbres Mayores (3), Nerva (3), Martos (3), Úbeda (3), Villanueva de Algaidas (3), Bollullos de la Mitación (3).

  5. 5.

    Towns and number of young women entrepreneurs: Conil de la Frontera (17), Jerez de la Frontera (12), Pilas (11), Fuente Obejuna (8), Minas de Riotinto (7), Antequera (7), Mollina (7), Villanueva de Algaidas (7), Carmona (7), Aracena (6), Jódar (6), Archidona (6), Villanueva del Trabuco (6), Gerena (6), Vejer de la Frontera (5), Peñarroya-Pueblonuevo (5), Valverde del Camino (5), Lora del Río (5).

References

  • André I (2013) Gender and social innovation: the role of EU policies. In: Moulaert F, MacCallum D, Mehmood A, Hamdouch A (eds) The international handbook on social innovation, collective action, social learning and transdisciplinary research. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, Cheltenham, pp 412–423

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashmore FH, Farrington JH, Skerratt S (2017) Community-led broadband in rural digital infrastructure development: implications for resilience. J Rural Stud 54:408–425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Augustyn A, Nemes G (2014) Catching up with the West? Europeanisation of rural policies in Hungary and Poland. Stud Agric Econ 116:114–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azevedo AF, Rego N (Coords) (2017) Geografias e (in) visibilidades: Paisagens, corpos, memórias. Compasso Lugar-Cultura, Porto Alegre

    Google Scholar 

  • Baylina M, García MD (eds) (2000) El nuevo papel de las mujeres en el desarrollo rural. Oikos-Tau, Vilassar de Mar

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosworth G et al (2016) Empowering local action through neo-endogenous development; the case of LEADER in England. Sociol Rural 56(3):427–449

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruno J (2014) A new paradigm of rural innovation: learning from and with rural people and communities. In: Bryce B-A Innovation and Modernising the Rural Economy. OECD, Paris, p 113–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Cañete JA, Cejudo E, Navarro F (2018) ¿Desarrollo rural o desarrollo de territorios rurales dinámicos? La contribución a los desequilibrios territoriales por parte de los programas de desarrollo en el sur de España, Andalucía. Anales de Geografía 37(2):265–295

    Google Scholar 

  • Cejudo E, Navarro F, Camacho JA (2017) Los beneficiarios privados finales de los Programas de Desarrollo Rural. Realidades frente a necesidades de participación. El caso de Andalucía 2002–2008. Cuadernos Geográficos 52(2):155–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Cejudo E, De Rubertis, Cañete JA (2018): Desarrollo rural en el Espacio Natural de Sierra Nevada. Las actuaciones LEADER en el periodo 2007–2013. I International Conference on Mountains (CIMAS). Mountains, Sources of Life and Future. Marzo. Granada

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheshire L, Esparcia J, Shucksmith M (2015) Community resilience, social capital and territorial governance. Ager 18:7–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherayi S, Jose JP (2016) Empowerment and social inclusion of Muslim women: towards a new conceptual model. J Rural Stud 45:243–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz F (2006) Género, psicología y desarrollo rural: la construcción de nuevas identidades. Las representaciones sociales de las mujeres en el medio rural. Madrid: Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación

    Google Scholar 

  • Driga O, Lafuente E, Vaillant Y (2009) Reasons behind the relatively lower entrepreneurial activity level of rural women: looking into rural Spain. Sociol Rural 49(1):70–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esparcia J, Escribano J (2012) La dimensión territorial en la programación comunitaria y el nuevo marco de políticas públicas: desarrollo rural territorial, reforma de la PAC y nuevo LEADER. Anales de Geografía 32(2):227–252

    Google Scholar 

  • European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGH) (2016) Gender in agriculture and rural development. file:///C:/Users/usuario/Downloads/european_institute_for_gender_equality_-_gender_in_agriculture_and_rural_development_-_2019-02-26.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Gálvez-Muñoz L, Rodríguez-Madroño P (2011) La desigualdad de género en las crisis económicas. Investigaciones Feministas 2:113–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray ML, Johnson CR, Gilley BJ (2016) Queering the countryside: new frontiers in rural queer studies. New York University Press, Nueva York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabeer N (2005) Gender equality and women’s empowerment: a critical analysis of the third millennium development goal. Gend Dev 13(1):13–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martínez F, Sacristán H, Yagüe JL (2015) Are local action groups, under LEADER approach, a good way to support resilience in rural areas? Ager 18:39–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Montero-González B, Camacho-Ballesta JA (2018) Caracterización del emprendimiento femenino en España: Una visión de conjunto. REVESCO. Revista de Estudios Cooperativos 129:39–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Nardone G, Sisto R, Lopolito A (2010) Social capital in the LEADER initiative: a methodological approach. J Rural Stud 26:63–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Navarro F, Cejudo E, Maroto J (2014) Reflexiones en torno a la participación en el desarrollo rural ¿Reparto social o reforzamiento del poder? LEADER y PRODER en el sur de España. EURE-Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Urbanos 40(121):203–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieto A, Cárdenas G (2015) El método LEADER como política de desarrollo rural en Extremadura en los últimos 20 años. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles 69:139–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Nogué J (2010) Paisatge, territori i societat civil. Tres i Quatre, València

    Google Scholar 

  • Nogué J (2016) El reencuentro con el lugar: nuevas ruralidades, nuevos paisajes y cambio de paradigma. Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica 62(3):489–502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Novo-Cortí I, Varela-Candamio L, García-Álvarez MT (2014) Breaking the walls of social exclusion of women rural by means of ICTs: The case of ‘digital divides’ in Galician. Comput Hum Behav 30:497–507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oswald U (2019) Úrsula Oswald Spring: pioneer on gender, peace, development, environment. Springer International Publishing AG, Food and Water

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pallares-Barbera M, Casellas A (2019) Social networks as the backbone of women’s work in the Catalan Pyrenees. Eur Urban Reg Stud 26(1):65–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pascale A (2014) Una nuova ruralità. Ritorno alla terra o correttivo di civiltà. Oliofficina Magazine. http://www.olioofficina.it/saperi/focus/una-nuova-ruralita.htm

  • Pedersen HD (2018) Is out of sight out of mind? Place attachment among Rural Youth out-migrants. Sociol Rural 58(3):684–704

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Pérez C, Avilés-Hernández M (2016) Explanatory factors of female entrepreneurship and limiting elements. Suma de Negocios 7(15):25–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pini B, Brandth B, Litte J (eds) (2015) Feminisms and Ruralities. Lexington Books, Lanham

    Google Scholar 

  • Red Rural Nacional (2011) LEADER en España (1991–2011). Una contribución activa al desarrollo rural. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. http://www.uv.es/javier/index_archivos/Page2085.htm

  • Rodríguez L (2017) The embodied countryside: methodological Reflections in place. Sociol Rural 58(2):293–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salamaña I, Baylina M, Garcia MD, Porto AM, Villarino M (2016) Dones, trajectòries de vida i noves ruralitats. Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica 62(3):661–681

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez P, Gallardo R, Ceña F (2014) Rural areas face the economic crisis: analysing the determinants of successful territorial dynamics. J Rural Stud 35:11–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez-Zamora P, Gallardo-Cobos R (2019) Diversity, disparity and territorial resilience in the context of the economic crisis: an analysis of rural areas in Southern Spain. Sustainability 11(6):1743. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061743

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shortall S (2008) Are rural development programmes socially inclusive? Social inclusion, civic engagement, participation, and social capital: exploring the differences. J Rural Stud 24(4):450–457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torns T, Recio C (2012) Desigualdades de género en el mercado de trabajo: entre la continuidad y la transformación. Revista de economía crítica 14:178–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Vercher N, Escribano J, Valero DE (2019) Models de vida femenins en el medi rural. Un cas d’estudi a la Sierra del Segura (Albacete). Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica 65(1):139–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viladomiu L, Rosell J, Frances G (2010) Factores determinantes de la participación de la mujer como promotoras de proyectos Leader+. Revista Española de Estudios Agrosociales y Pesqueros 226:177–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiest K (ed) (2016) Women and migration in rural Europe. labour markets, representations and policies. Palgrave Macmillan, Nova York

    Google Scholar 

  • Woods M (2011) Rural. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Mr. Eduardo J. Molina Martínez for his invaluable assistance with the statistical processing and mapping of the data presented in this chapter.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Human Geography University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    Eugenio Cejudo, Francisco Navarro & José Antonio Cañete

Authors
  1. Eugenio Cejudo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Francisco Navarro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. José Antonio Cañete
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eugenio Cejudo .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Human Geography, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    Eugenio Cejudo

  2. Department of Human Geography, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    Francisco Navarro

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Cejudo, E., Navarro, F., Cañete, J.A. (2020). Young and Women Entrepreneurs in Neo-endogenous Development. In: Cejudo, E., Navarro, F. (eds) Neoendogenous Development in European Rural Areas. Springer Geography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33463-5_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation