Abstract
There are several types of measurements that can be performed with biological tissues during optical clearing treatments. When analyzing these methods, two major modes of study must be provided: ex vivo and in vivo. Measurements made from ex vivo samples are more flexible, allowing, for instance, to measure tissue transmittance or sample thickness kinetics. The results obtained from these measurements do not mimic exactly the in vivo situation. In the case of in vivo tissues, results from measurements are more realistic, but a more restrict number is possible, based only on reflectance or imaging methods. In this chapter, we make a brief description and analysis of the various measurement procedures that can be made during treatments of tissues ex vivo and in vivo and present some studies where important information was collected. The valuable results already obtained or possible to obtain in future from measurements described here will be presented and explained in the following sections. A particular case with great interest not only for biophotonics but also for food industry or organ preservation is the estimation of the diffusion properties of water and agents. Such evaluation of parameters is based only on collimated transmittance and thickness measurements made from ex vivo tissues. We will describe these measurements here and exploit their use in the study of diffusion in Chap. 7.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
B. Chance, M. Cope, E. Gratton, N. Ramanujam, B. Tromberg, Phase measurement of light absorption and scatterer in human tissue. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69(10), 3457–3481 (1998)
A.V. Priezzhev, V.V. Tuchin, L.P. Shubochkin, Laser Diagnostics in Biology and Medicine (Nauka, Moscow, 1989)
V.V. Tuchin, Lasers and Fiber Optics in Biomedical Science, 2nd edn. (Saratov University Press, Saratov, 2010)
V.V. Tuchin, Optical Clearing of Tissues and Blood (SPIE Press, Bellingham, 2006)
V.V. Tuchin, Tissue Optics: Light Scattering Methods and Instruments for Medical Diagnosis, 3rd edn. (SPIE Press, Bellingham, 2015)
L. Oliveira, M.I. Carvalho, E.M. Nogueira, V.V. Tuchin, Optical clearing mechanisms characterization in muscle. J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci. 9(5), 1650035 (2016)
I. Carneiro, S. Carvalho, R. Henrique, L. Oliveira, V.V. Tuchin, et al., IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron. 25(1), 7200608 (2019)
I. Carneiro, S. Carvalho, R. Henrique, L. Oliveira, V.V. Tuchin, A robust ex vivo method to evaluate the diffusion properties of agents in biological tissues. J. Biophotonics 12(4), e201800333 (2019)
S. Carvalho, N. Gueiral, E. Nogueira, R. Henrique, L. Oliveira, V.V. Tuchin, Glucose diffusion in colorectal mucosa – a comparative study between normal and cancer tissues. J. Biomed. Opt. 22(9), 091506 (2017)
A.N. Bashkatov, K.V. Berezin, K.N. Dvoretskiy, M.L. Chernavina, E.A. Genina, V.D. Genin, V.I. Kochubey, E.N. Lazareva, A.B. Pravdin, M.E. Shvachkina, P.A. Timoshina, D.K. Tuchina, D.D. Yakovlev, D.A. Yakovlev, I.Y. Yanina, O.S. Zhernovaya, V.V. Tuchin, Measurements of tissue optical properties in the context of tissue optical clearing. J. Biomed. Opt. 23(9), 091416 (2018)
L. Oliveira, M.I. Carvalho, E. Nogueira, V.V. Tuchin, Skeletal muscle dispersion (400–1000 nm) and kinetics at optical clearing. J. Biophotonics 11(1), e201700094 (2018)
I. Carneiro, S. Carvalho, V. Silva, R. Henrique, L. Oliveira, V.V. Tuchin, Kinetics of optical properties of human colorectal tissues during optical clearing: a comparative study between normal and pathological tissues. J. Biomed. Opt. 23(12), 121620 (2018)
S. Carvalho, N. Gueiral, E. Nogueira, R. Henrique, L. Oliveira, V.V. Tuchin, Comparative study of the optical properties of colon mucosa and colon precancerous polyps between 400 and 1000 nm, in Dynamics and Fluctuations in Biomedical Photonics XIV, Proc. of SPIE, ed. by V. V. Tuchin, K. V. Larin, M. J. Leahy, R. K. Wang, vol. 10063, (SPIE Press, Bellingham, 2017), p. 100631L. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2253023
I. Carneiro, S. Carvalho, R. Henrique, L. Oliveira, V.V. Tuchin, Optical properties of colorectal muscle in visible/NIR range, in Biophotonics: Photonic Solutions for Better Health Care VI, Proc. of SPIE, ed. by J. Popp, V. V. Tuchin, F. S. Pavone, vol. 10685, (SPIE Press, Bellingham, 2018), p. 106853D. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2306586
I. Carneiro, S. Carvalho, R. Henrique, L. Oliveira, V.V. Tuchin, Measuring optical properties of human liver between 400 and 1000 nm. Quant. Electron. 49(1), 13–19 (2019)
A.N. Bashkatov, E.A. Genina, M.D. Kosintseva, V.I. Koshubey, S.Y. Gorodkov, V.V. Tuchin, Optical properties of peritoneal biological tissues in the range of 350–2500 nm. Opt. Spectrosc. 120(1), 1–8 (2016)
A.N. Bashkatov, E.A. Genina, V.I. Koshubey, V.V. Tuchin, Optical properties of human skin, subcutaneous and mucous tissues in the wavelength range from 400 to 2000 nm. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 38(15), 2543–2555 (2005)
A.N. Bashkatov, E.A. Genina, V.I. Kochubey, E.A. Kolesnikova, V.V. Tuchin, Optical properties of human colon tissues in the 350–2500 spectral range. Quant. Electron. 44(8), 779–784 (2014)
L.-H. Wang, S.L. Jacques, L.-Q. Zheng, MCML – Monte Carlo modeling of photon transport in multi-layered tissues. Comput. Met. Progr. Biomed. 47(2), 131–146 (1995)
S.A. Prahl, M.J.C. Van Gemert, A.J. Welch, Determining the optical properties of turbid media by using the adding-doubling method. Appl. Opt. 32(4), 559–568 (1993)
S. Peña-Llopis, J. Brugarolas, Simultaneous isolation of high-quality DNA, RNA, miRNA and proteins from tissues for genomic applications. Nat. Protoc. 8(11), 2240–2255 (2013)
R.R. Anderson, J.A. Parish, Optical properties of human skin, in The Science of Photomedicine, ed. by J. D. Regan, J. A. Parish, (Plenum Press, New York, 1982), pp. 147–194
S. Carvalho, N. Gueiral, E. Nogueira, R. Henrique, L. Oliveira, V.V. Tuchin, Wavelength dependence of the refractive index of human colorectal tissues: comparison between healthy mucosa and cancer. J. Biomed. Photon. Eng. 2(4), 040307 (2016)
I. Carneiro, S. Carvalho, R. Henrique, L. Oliveira, V.V. Tuchin, Water content and scatterers dispersion evaluation in colorectal tissues. J. Biomed. Photon. Eng. 3(4), 040301 (2017)
H. Ding, J.Q. Lu, W.A. Wooden, P.J. Kragel, X.H. Hu, Refractive indices of human skin tissues at eight wavelengths and estimated dispersion relations between 300 and 1600 nm. Phys. Med. Biol. 51(6), 1479–1489 (2006)
Z. Deng, J. Wang, Q. Ye, T. Sun, W. Zhou, J. Mei, C. Zhang, J. Tian, Determination of continuous complex refractive index dispersion of biotissue based on internal reflection. J. Biomed. Opt. 21(1), 015003 (2016)
S. Liu, Z. Deng, J. Li, J. Wang, N. Huang, R. Cui, Q. Zhang, J. Mei, W. Zhou, C. Zhang, Q. Ye, J. Tian, Measurement of the refractive index of whole blood and its components for a continuous spectral region. J. Biomed. Opt. 24(3), 035003 (2019)
X.U. Zhang, D.J. Faber, A.L. Post, T.G. van Leeuwen, H.J.C.M. Sterenborg, Refractive index measurement using single fiber reflectance spectroscopy. J. Biophoton. 12(7), e201900019 (2019)
G. Vargas, K.F. Chan, S.L. Thomsen, A.J. Welch, Use of osmotically active agents to alter optical properties of tissue: effects on the detected fluorescence signal measured through skin. Laser Surg. Med. 29, 213–220 (2001)
E.A. Genina, A.N. Bashkatov, A.A. Zubkova, V.V. Tuchin, I. Yaroslavsky, G.B. Altshuler, Optical clearing of human skin: comparative study of permeability and dehydration of intact and photothermally perforated skin. J. Biomed. Opt. 13(2), 021102 (2008)
D.K. Tuchina, A.N. Bashkatov, A.B. Bucharskaya, E.A. Genina, V.V. Tuchin, Study of glycerol diffusion in skin and myocardium ex vivo under the conditions of developing alloxan-induced diabetes. J. Biomed. Photon. Eng. 3(2), 020302 (2017)
V.D. Genin, D.K. Tuchina, A.N. Bashkatov, E.A. Genina, V.V. Tuchin, Polyethylene glycol diffusion in ex vivo skin tissue. AIP Conf. Proc. 1688, 030028 (2015)
L.M. Oliveira, M.I. Carvalho, E.M. Nogueira, V.V. Tuchin, The characteristic time of glucose diffusion measured for muscle tissue at optical clearing. Laser Phys. 23, 075606 (2013)
L.M. Oliveira, M.I. Carvalho, E.M. Nogueira, V.V. Tuchin, Diffusion characteristics of ethylene glycol in skeletal muscle. J. Biomed. Opt. 20(5), 051019 (2015)
https://omlc.org/spectra/hemoglobin/. Accessed 8 July 2019
L.D. Robertson, D. Roper, Laboratory methods used in the investigation of the haemolytic anaemias, in Dacie and Lewis Practical Haematology, ed. by B. J. Bain, I. Bates, M. A. Laffan, 11th edn., (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2011)
G.M. Hale, M.R. Querry, Optical constants of water in the 200nm to 200 micron wavelength region. Appl. Opt. 12, 555–563 (1973)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methemoglobin. Accessed 8 July 2019
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfhemoglobinemia. Accessed 8 July 2019
G. Zonios, L.T. Perelman, V. Backman, R. Mahoharan, M. Fitzmaurice, J. van Dam, M.S. Feld, Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of human adenomatous colon polyps in vivo. Appl. Opt. 38(31), 6628–6637 (1999)
D.K. Tuchina, P.A. Timoshina, V.V. Tuchin, A.N. Bashkatov, E.A. Genina, Kinetics of rat skin optical clearing at topical application of 40%Glucose: ex vivo and in vivo studies. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron. 25(1), 7200508 (2019)
G. Vargas, E.K. Chan, J.K. Barton, H.G. Rylander, A.J. Welch, Use of an agent to reduce scattering in skin. Laser Surg. Med. 24, 133–141 (1999)
G. Einstein, P. Aruna, S. Ganesan, Monte Carlo based model for diffuse reflectance from turbid media for the diagnosis of epithelial dysplasia. Optik 181, 828–835 (2018)
G. Einstein, K. Udayakumar, P.R. Aruna, D. Koteeswaran, S. Ganesan, Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for monitoring physiological and morphological changes in oral cancer. Optik 127, 1479–1485 (2016)
X. Wen, Z. Mao, Z. Han, V.V. Tuchin, D. Zhu, In vivo skin optical clearing by glycerol solutions: mechanism. J. Biophotonics 3(1–2), 44–52 (2010)
D. Zhu, K.V. Larin, Q. Luo, V.V. Tuchin, Recent progress in tissue optical clearing. Laser Photon. Rev. 7(5), 732–757 (2013)
X. Xu, Q. Zhu, Evaluation of skin optical clearing enhancement with Azone as a penetration enhancer. Opt. Commum. 279, 223–228 (2007)
A. Sdobnov, M.E. Darvin, E.A. Genina, A.N. Bashkatov, J. Lademan, V.V. Tuchin, Recent progress in tissue optical clearing for spectroscopic application. Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 197, 216–229 (2018)
X. Xu, R. Wang, J.B. Elder, Optical clearing effect on gastric tissues immersed with biocompatible chemical agents investigated by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 36, 1707–1713 (2003)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Oliveira, L.M.C., Tuchin, V.V. (2019). Measurements During Optical Clearing. In: The Optical Clearing Method. SpringerBriefs in Physics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33055-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33055-2_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-33054-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-33055-2
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)