Skip to main content

The Energy Mix: Decarbonisation and Natural Gas in EU Energy Policy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Energy Transitions and the Future of Gas in the EU

Part of the book series: Energy, Climate and the Environment ((ECE))

  • 507 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter aims to shed light into the market dynamics in the EU, including consumption, production trends and the current energy mix. This analysis, which also includes a study of gas prices, unconventional potential and gas storage capacity in the EU, aims to demonstrate the important role natural gas infrastructure plays in the context of EU energy security. This chapter will also discuss how different fuels contribute to the energy mix, their CO2 equivalents, and the status quo of technological advancements and investment levels on hydrogen, synthetic gas, biomethane and around carbon storage, its transportation and utilisation. This inevitably involves discussion on planned decommissioning activities. This chapter will conclude with initial thoughts on the expected 2020 gas package.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Tim Boersma, What’s Next for Europe’s Natural Gas Market? Brookings, 15.03.2016, available at: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2016/03/15/whats-next-for-europes-natural-gas-market/.

  2. 2.

    Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data, United States Environmental Protection Agency, available at: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data.

  3. 3.

    IMO regulations to reduce SOx emissions from ships first came into force in 2005 under Annex VI of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (known as the MARPOL Convention). Since then, limits on SOx have been progressively tightened. From 1 January 2020, the limit for sulphur in fuel oil used on board ships operating outside designated emission control areas will be reduced to 0.50% m/m (mass by mass). This will significantly reduce the amount of SOx emanating from ships and should have major health and environmental benefits for the world, particularly populations living close to ports and coasts.

  4. 4.

    European Commission, Press release “The Energy Union on Track to Deliver” (18 November 2015), available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-6105_en.htm.

  5. 5.

    Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions Better regulation for better results—An EU agenda, COM/2015/0215 final.

  6. 6.

    Impact Assessment Institute, A Year and a Half of the Better Regulation Agenda: What Happened? 30.01.2017, available at: http://www.impactassessmentinstitute.org/br-18-months.

  7. 7.

    Press release, GIE Welcomes Energy Security Package, 16.02.2016, available at: http://createsend.com/t/r-EADF0D349D9920552540EF23F30FEDED.

  8. 8.

    Brendan Devlin, DG Energy, EC, 5 March 2015, Brussels, Martens Centre for European Studies, Refuelling Europe: The Single Energy Market and Energy Union in a post-South Stream Environment.

  9. 9.

    See e.g. Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Kingdom of Norway relating to the Transmission of Petroleum by Pipeline from the Ekofisk Field and Neighbouring Areas to the United Kingdom, 22 May 1973, UNTS 885, 63; Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Norway and the Government of the Kingdom of Belgium relating to the Transmission of Gas from the Norwegian Continental Shelf and from other areas by Pipeline to the Kingdom of Belgium, 14 April 1988, Stortingsproposisjon (St.prp.) No. 148, 187–188; Sergei Vinogradov and Gokce Mete, Cross-Border Oil and Gas Pipelines in International Law, German Yearbook of International Law (FOCUS: International Energy Law, 2013), 56.

  10. 10.

    The Langeled, Cats, Seal, Sage, Pulsmar pipelines connect to the UK for consumption in the UK or transit. Europipe I/II, Norpipe, Zeepipe are pipelines connected directly to the continental EU import points in Emden and Zeebrügge.

  11. 11.

    Sergei Vinogradov, Cross-Border Oil and Gas Pipelines: International Legal and Regulatory Regimes (AIPN Study Series, 2001).

  12. 12.

    Quarterly Report Energy on European Gas Markets Market Observatory for Energy DG Energy, Volume 10 (Issue 2; second quarter of 2017).

  13. 13.

    Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Energy prices and costs in Europe {SWD (2016) 420 final}, 30.11.2016.

  14. 14.

    Commission Staff Working Document Energy prices and costs report Accompanying the document Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, and the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Energy prices and costs in Europe (2014).

  15. 15.

    Quarterly Report Energy on European Gas Markets Market Observatory for Energy DG Energy, Volume 10 (Issue 2; second quarter of 2017).

  16. 16.

    Jonathan Stern and Howard Rogers, The Transition to Hub-Based Pricing in Continental Europe—A Response to Sergei Komlev of Gazprom Export, available at: https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Hub-based-Pricing-in-Europe-A-Response-to-Sergei-Komlev-of-Gazprom-Export.pdf.

  17. 17.

    Patrick Heather and Beatrice Petrovich, European Traded Gas Hubs: An Updated Analysis on Liquidity, Maturity and Barriers to Market Integration, OIES, 2017.

  18. 18.

    James Henderson and Jack Sharples, Gazprom in Europe—Two “Anni Mirabiles”, But Can It Continue? OIES, 2018.

  19. 19.

    Quarterly Report Energy on European Gas Markets Market Observatory for Energy DG Energy, Volume 10 (Issue 4; fourth quarter of 2017).

  20. 20.

    Patrick Heather and Beatrice Petrovich, European Traded Gas Hubs: An Updated Analysis on Liquidity, Maturity and Barriers to Market Integration, OIES, 2017.

  21. 21.

    Quarterly Report Energy on European Gas Markets Market Observatory for Energy DG Energy Volume 6 (Issues 3 & 4; third and fourth quarter of 2013) and Volume 7 (Issues 1 & 2; first and second quarter of 2014).

  22. 22.

    Eurostat statistic data on energy production and imports, extracted in June 2017, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Energy_production_and_imports.

  23. 23.

    BP Energy Outlook 2017 Edition, available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/energy-outlook-2017/bp-energy-outlook-2017.pdf.

  24. 24.

    Jonathan Stern, The Future of Gas in Decarbonizing European Energy Markets: The Need for a New Approach, 2017, available at: https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/The-Future-of-Gas-in-Decarbonising-European-Energy-Markets-the-need-for-a-new-approach-NG-116.pdf.

  25. 25.

    World Energy Outlook, 2017.

  26. 26.

    BP Regional Insights—EU, available at: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/energy-outlook/country-and-regional-insights/european-union-insights.html.

  27. 27.

    UK Houses of Parliament, Future of Natural Gas in the UK, Number 513 November 2015, available at: http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/POST-PN-0513/POST-PN-0513.pdf.

  28. 28.

    British Geological Society data on shale gas, available at: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/research/energy/shaleGas/home.html.

  29. 29.

    Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources: An Assessment of 137 Shale Formations in 41 Countries outside the United States, June 2013, available at: https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/pdf/overview.pdf.

  30. 30.

    UK Houses of Parliament, Future of Natural Gas in the UK, Number 513 November 2015, available at: http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/POST-PN-0513/POST-PN-0513.pdf.

  31. 31.

    UK Government press release, Government ends support for fracking, 02 November 2019, available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-ends-support-for-fracking.

  32. 32.

    BP Energy Outlook 2017 Edition, available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/energy-outlook-2017/bp-energy-outlook-2017.pdf.

  33. 33.

    EUROGAS, Long-Term Outlook for Gas to 2035, available at: http://www.eurogas.org/uploads/media/Eurogas_Brochure_Long-Term_Outlook_for_gas_to_2035.pdf.

  34. 34.

    Cross-reference from, Daniel Yergin, Ensuring Energy Security, Foreign Affairs, Volume 85, Issue 2, 2006, available at: http://www.un.org/ga/61/second/daniel_yergin_energysecurity.pdf.

  35. 35.

    Communication from the EC, Energy infrastructure priorities for 2020 and beyond—A Blueprint for an integrated European energy network {COM (2010) 677 final of 17 November 2010}.

  36. 36.

    The EU External Action, EU Climate Diplomacy for 2015 and Beyond, Reflection Paper, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/international/negotiations/docs/eeas_26062013_en.pdf.

  37. 37.

    Energy roadmap 2050 {COM (2011) 885 final of 15 December 2011}.

  38. 38.

    Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, a policy framework for climate and energy in the period from 2020 to 2030 {SWD (2014) 15 final}, 22.1.2014.

  39. 39.

    Commission Staff Working Document, In-depth study of European Energy Security, Accompanying the document, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: European energy security strategy {COM (2014) 330 final}, 2.7.2014.

  40. 40.

    Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, a Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, Brussels {COM (2015) 80 final}, 25.2.2015.

  41. 41.

    European Commission—Press release, Clean Energy for All Europeans—Unlocking Europe’s Growth Potential Brussels, 30 November 2016, available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-4009_en.htm.

  42. 42.

    Regulation (EU) No. 994/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 October 2010 concerning measures to safeguard security of gas supply and repealing Council Directive 2004/67/EC Text with EEA relevance.

  43. 43.

    Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL concerning measures to safeguard the security of gas supply and repealing Regulation (EU) No. 994/2010, COM/2016/052 final—2016/030 (COD).

  44. 44.

    Regulation (EU) 2017/1938 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2017 concerning measures to safeguard the security of gas supply and repealing Regulation (EU) No. 994/2010, OJ L280, 28.10.2017.

  45. 45.

    Press release, ACER launches updated Gas Target Model, Ljubljana, 08.01.2015, available at: http://www.acer.europa.eu/Media/Press%20releases/ACER%20PR-02-15.pdf.

  46. 46.

    Ten year network development Plan 2015, Entso-G available via, http://www.entsog.eu/publications/tyndp.

  47. 47.

    European Commission—Press release, Energy: Central Eastern and South Eastern European countries join forces to create an integrated gas market, 10.07.2015, Dubrovnik, available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-5343_en.htm.

  48. 48.

    Special Report No. 16/2015: Improving the security of energy supply by developing the internal energy market: more efforts needed, available at: http://www.eca.europa.eu/Lists/ECADocuments/SR15_16/SR_ENERGY_SECURITY-EN.pdf/.

  49. 49.

    Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on an EU strategy for liquefied natural gas and gas storage {SWD (2016) 23 final}.

  50. 50.

    International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Electricity storage and renewables: Costs and markets to 2030, October 2017, available via: https://www.irena.org/publications/2017/Oct/Electricity-storage-and-renewables-costs-and-markets; see also IEA, Commentary: Battery Storage Is (Almost) Ready to Play the Flexibility Game, 07.02.2019, available at: https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2019/february/battery-storage-is-almost-ready-to-play-the-flexibility-game.html.

  51. 51.

    https://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/storage/basics/.

  52. 52.

    Interactive Gas Storage Map, available at: http://www.gie.eu/index.php/maps-data/gse-storage-map.

  53. 53.

    Gas Infrastructure Europe, Gas Storage Market Failures, Report Summary, 2017, available at: https://www.gie.eu/index.php/publications/gse/doc_download/26901-gie-poyry-study-executive-summary-on-gas-storage-market-failures.

  54. 54.

    Gas Infrastructure Europe, Gas Storage Market Failures, Report Summary, 2017, available at: https://www.gie.eu/index.php/publications/gse/doc_download/26901-gie-poyry-study-executive-summary-on-gas-storage-market-failures.

  55. 55.

    BP Energy Outlook 2017 Edition, available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/energy-outlook-2017/bp-energy-outlook-2017.pdf.

  56. 56.

    SNAM and BCG Center for Energy Impact, Global Gas Report 2017, available at: http://www.snam.it/export/sites/snam-rp/repository/file/gas_naturale/global-gas-report/global_gas_report_2017.pdf.

  57. 57.

    Global gas and LNG themes—Q1 2017, Wood Mac.

  58. 58.

    Opinion of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (8.9.2016) for the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy on the EU strategy for liquefied natural gas and gas storage (2016/2059[INI]).

  59. 59.

    Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council European Energy Security Strategy {COM (2014) 330 final}.

  60. 60.

    News Article, CNN, Trump and Juncker Agree to Take Steps to Boost US LNG Exports to Europe, 25.07.2018, available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/25/europe-will-import-more-us-natural-gas-trump-and-juncker-say.html?__source=sharebar|twitter&par=sharebar.

  61. 61.

    Beatrice Petrovich and Howard Rogers, Harald Hecking, Simon Schulte and Florian Weiser, Future European Gas Transmission Bottlenecks in Differing Supply and Demand Scenarios (EWI & OIES, 2017), 26.

  62. 62.

    Quarterly Report Energy on European Gas Markets Market Observatory for Energy DG Energy Volume 9 (Issue 1; fourth quarter of 2015 and first quarter of 2016).

  63. 63.

    BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2017, available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2017/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2017-full-report.pdf.

  64. 64.

    Luca Franza, Outlook for Russian Pipeline Gas Imports into the EU to 2025, Clingendael International Energy Programme, 2016, available at: http://www.clingendaelenergy.com/inc/upload/files/CIEP_paper_2016_2B_Russia_web.pdf.

  65. 65.

    Quarterly Report Energy on European Gas Markets Market Observatory for Energy DG Energy, Volume 10 (Issue 2; second quarter of 2017).

  66. 66.

    Quarterly Report Energy on European Gas Markets Market Observatory for Energy DG Energy, Volume 10 (Issue 2; second quarter of 2017).

  67. 67.

    News Article, Politico, Šefčovič Warns Energy Firms Over Nord Stream II Participation, 09.07.2015, available at: https://www.politico.eu/article/sefcovic-warns-energy-firms-over-nord-stream-ii-participation/.

  68. 68.

    Press release, Remarks by President Donald Tusk After the European Council Meeting, 18 December 2015, available at: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/12/18-tusk-final-remarks-european-council/.

  69. 69.

    New Article, Politico, Nord Stream 2 Fight Set to Heat Up as Countries Show Their Cards, 09.04.2017, available at: http://www.politico.eu/article/nord-stream-2-fight-set-to-heat-up-as-countries-show-their-cards/.

  70. 70.

    News Article, Gary Peach, Russian Pipes Divide Europeans, June 2015, Energy Intelligence, available at: http://beta.energyintel.com/world-energy-opinion/russian-pipes-divide-europeans/.

  71. 71.

    BP Statistical view of World Energy 2017, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2017/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2017-full-report.pdf.

  72. 72.

    BP Statistical view of World Energy 2017, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2017/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2017-full-report.pdf.

  73. 73.

    News Release, S&P Global, US Confirms Iran Sanctions Waiver for Azerbaijan Natural Gas Pipeline to Turkey, Europe, 07.08.2018, available at: https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/natural-gas/080718-us-confirms-iran-sanctions-waiver-for-azerbaijan-natural-gas-pipeline-to-turkey-europe.

  74. 74.

    Iraq facts and figures, OPEC, available at: http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/164.htm.

  75. 75.

    BP Statistical View of World Energy 2017, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2017/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2017-full-report.pdf.

  76. 76.

    BP Statistical View of World Energy 2017, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2017/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2017-full-report.pdf.

  77. 77.

    News Article, Platts, Kazakhstan to Export Up to 5 bcm/year of Natural Gas to China as of, 07.06.2017, available at: https://www.platts.com/latest-news/natural-gas/moscow/kazakhstan-to-export-up-to-5-bcmyear-of-natural-26749259.

  78. 78.

    BP Statistical View of World Energy 2017, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2017/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2017-full-report.pdf.

  79. 79.

    Press release, Commission Proposes New Rules for Consumer Centred Clean Energy Transition, 330.10.2016, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/news/commission-proposes-new-rules-consumer-centred-clean-energy-transition.

  80. 80.

    Luca Franza, Outlook for Russian Pipeline Gas Imports into the EU to 2025, Clingendael International Energy Programme, 2016, available at: http://www.clingendaelenergy.com/inc/upload/files/CIEP_paper_2016_2B_Russia_web.pdf.

  81. 81.

    Eurostat, Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Geothermal Energy, available via: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/environmental-data-centre-on-natural-resources-old/natural-resources/energy-resources/geothermal-energy.

  82. 82.

    Geoffrey Wood, Policy Risk, Politics and Low Carbon Energy, in Jennifer I. Considine and Keun-Wook Paik (eds.), Handbook of Energy Politics (Edward Elgar, 2018).

  83. 83.

    Geoffrey Wood and Keith Baker, The Palgrave Handbook of Managing Fossil Fuels and Energy Transitions (Palgrave Macmillan, 2019).

  84. 84.

    IEA, Commentary: The clean hydrogen future has already begun, by Noé van Hulst Hydrogen Envoy for the Ministry of Economic Affairs & Climate Policy, The Netherlands, 23.04.2019, available at: https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2019/april/the-clean-hydrogen-future-has-already-begun.html.

  85. 85.

    European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Green hydrogen opportunities in selected industrial processes, 26.06.2018, available at: http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC114766/kjna29637enn.pdf.

  86. 86.

    National Grid’s 2017 Future Energy Scenarios, available at: http://www2.nationalgrid.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=45609.

  87. 87.

    Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L328/82, 21.12.2018.

  88. 88.

    Regulation (EC) No. 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 laying down health rules as regards animal by-products and derived products not intended for human consumption and repealing Regulation (EC) No. 1774/2002 (Animal by-products Regulation).

  89. 89.

    Report IPCC, 2005—Bert Metz et al. (eds.) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2015).

  90. 90.

    The Dutch Carbon Capture, Utility and Storage subsidy schemes can be accessed via: https://www.rvo.nl/onderwerpen/duurzaam-ondernemen/energie-en-milieu-innovaties/carbon-capture-utilisation-and-storage.

  91. 91.

    Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage Cost Challenge Task Force, Delivering Clean Growth: CCUS Cost Challenge Taskforce Report, July 2018, available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/727040/CCUS_Cost_Challenge_Taskforce_Report.pdf.

  92. 92.

    Financing a Sustainable European Economy, The EU Taxonomy Technical Report, 18.06.2019, available via: https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/sustainable-finance-teg-taxonomy_en.

  93. 93.

    The full list is available here: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/detailed_information_regarding_the_candidate_projects_in_CO2_network_0.pdf.

  94. 94.

    More information about the H-vision project is available via: https://www.deltalinqs.nl/h-vision.

  95. 95.

    More information about the Porthos project is available via: https://www.rotterdamccus.nl/en/.

  96. 96.

    More information on vulcanol is available here: https://www.carbonrecycling.is/vulcanol.

  97. 97.

    The Innovation Fund is one of the world’s largest funding programmes for demonstration of innovative low-carbon technologies. See more at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/innovation-fund_en.

  98. 98.

    Gokce Mete et al. The Maximising Economic Recovery Strategy for the UK, in Geoffrey Wood and Keith Baker (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Managing Fossil Fuels and Energy Transitions (Palgrave Macmillan, 2019).

  99. 99.

    European Commission, Best Available Techniques Guidance Document on Upstream Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production, 27.02.2019, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/energy/pdf/hydrocarbons_guidance_doc.pdf.

  100. 100.

    European Parliament legislative resolution of 26 March 2019 on the proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on common rules for the internal market in electricity (recast) {COM (2016) 0864—C8-0495/2016—2016/0380 (COD)}.

  101. 101.

    Political Guidelines for the Next European Commission 2019–2024, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/political-guidelines-next-commission_en.pdf.

  102. 102.

    ACER Public Consultation the Bridge beyond 2025 is, available at: https://www.acer.europa.eu/Official_documents/Public_consultations/PC_2019_G_06/The%20Bridge%20beyond%202025%20-%20PC_2019_G_06.pdf.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gökçe Mete .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Mete, G. (2020). The Energy Mix: Decarbonisation and Natural Gas in EU Energy Policy. In: Energy Transitions and the Future of Gas in the EU. Energy, Climate and the Environment. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32614-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32614-2_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-32613-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-32614-2

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics