Abstract
Even though non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas were traditionally divided into “low-grade” and “high-grade” lymphomas based on expected indolent and aggressive clinical behavior, respectively, “high-grade B-cell lymphoma (HGBL)” is now a specifically defined category of lymphomas in the 2016 WHO classification. It consists of a group of mature but aggressive B-cell lymphomas that are biologically and clinically distinct and should be classified as a separate category other than diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (DLBCL, NOS) or Burkitt lymphoma (BL). This chapter reviews the two entities under this new category: high-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 rearrangements, also called “double-hit” lymphoma (HGBL-DH), and high-grade B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (HGBL, NOS). We shall also discuss in details two other aggressive B-cell lymphomas which have overlapping morphological, immunophenotypic, or genetic features: Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and Burkitt-like lymphoma with 11q aberration. Morphological mimics such as blastoid or other “high-grade” transformations of low-grade B-cell lymphomas will be examined to emphasize their distinguishing features from high-grade B-cell lymphomas mentioned above. Variants and subtypes of DLBCL are discussed in Chap. 6.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Lennert K, Feller AC. Histopathology of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer; 1992. p. 115–64.
Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Stein H, et al. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Revised 4th ed. IARC: Lyon; 2017. p. 330–44.
Haralambieva E, Boerma EJ, van Imhoff GW, Rosati S, Schuuring E, Muller-Hermelink HK, et al. Clinical, immunophenotypic, and genetic analysis of adult lymphomas with morphologic features of Burkitt lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29(8):1086–94.
Hummel M, Bentink S, Berger H, Klapper W, Wessendorf S, Barth TF, et al. A biologic definition of Burkitt’s lymphoma from transcriptional and genomic profiling. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(23):2419–30.
Boerma EG, Siebert R, Kluin PM, Baudis M. Translocations involving 8q24 in Burkitt lymphoma and other malignant lymphomas: a historical review of cytogenetics in the light of todays knowledge. Leukemia. 2009;23(2):225–34.
Pienkowska-Grela B, Rymkiewicz G, Grygalewicz B, Woroniecka R, Krawczyk P, Czyz-Domanska K, et al. Partial trisomy 11, dup(11)(q23q13), as a defect characterizing lymphomas with Burkitt pathomorphology without MYC gene rearrangement. Med Oncol. 2011;28(4):1589–95.
Salaverria I, Martin-Guerrero I, Wagener R, Kreuz M, Kohler CW, Richter J, et al. A recurrent 11q aberration pattern characterizes a subset of MYC-negative high-grade B-cell lymphomas resembling Burkitt lymphoma. Blood. 2014;123(8):1187–98.
Ferreiro JF, Morscio J, Dierickx D, Marcelis L, Verhoef G, Vandenberghe P, et al. Post-transplant molecularly defined Burkitt lymphomas are frequently MYC-negative and characterized by the 11q-gain/loss pattern. Haematologica. 2015;100(7):e275–9.
Aukema SM, Siebert R, Schuuring E, van Imhoff GW, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Boerma EJ, et al. Double-hit B-cell lymphomas. Blood. 2011;117(8):2319–31.
De Jong D, Voetdijk BM, Beverstock GC, van Ommen GJ, Willemze R, Kluin PM. Activation of the c-myc oncogene in a precursor-B-cell blast crisis of follicular lymphoma, presenting as composite lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 1988;318(21):1373–8.
Geyer JT, Subramaniyam S, Jiang Y, Elemento O, Ferry JA, de Leval L, et al. Lymphoblastic transformation of follicular lymphoma: a clinicopathologic and molecular analysis of 7 patients. Hum Pathol. 2015;46(2):260–71.
Kobrin C, Cha SC, Qin H, Raffeld M, Fend F, Quintanilla-Martinez L, et al. Molecular analysis of light-chain switch and acute lymphoblastic leukemia transformation in two follicular lymphomas: implications for lymphomagenesis. Leuk Lymphoma. 2006;47(8):1523–34.
Young KH, Xie Q, Zhou G, Eickhoff JC, Sanger WG, Aoun P, et al. Transformation of follicular lymphoma to precursor B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma with c-myc gene rearrangement as a critical event. Am J Clin Pathol. 2008;129(1):157–66.
Schmitz R, Young RM, Ceribelli M, Jhavar S, Xiao W, Zhang M, et al. Burkitt lymphoma pathogenesis and therapeutic targets from structural and functional genomics. Nature. 2012;490(7418):116–20.
Boxer LM, Dang CV. Translocations involving c-myc and c-myc function. Oncogene. 2001;20(40):5595–610.
Jaffe ES, Arber DA, Campo E, Harris NL, Quintanilla-Martinez L. Hematopathology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2017.
Burkitt D. A sarcoma involving the jaws in African children. Br J Surg. 1958;46(197):218–23.
Burkitt D. Burkitt’s lymphoma outside the known endemic areas of Africa and New Guinea. Int J Cancer. 1967;2(6):562–5.
Facer CA, Playfair JH. Malaria, Epstein-Barr virus, and the genesis of lymphomas. Adv Cancer Res. 1989;53:33–72.
Manolov G, Manolova Y, Klein G, Levan A, Kieler J. Chromosome #14 markers in two Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines of normal origin differ from the Burkitt lymphoma (BL)-associated 14q+ marker. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1981;4(2):179–84.
Magrath IT. Treatment of Burkitt lymphoma in children and adults: lessons from Africa. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2006;1(4):230–40.
Klapper W, Szczepanowski M, Burkhardt B, Berger H, Rosolowski M, Bentink S, et al. Molecular profiling of pediatric mature B-cell lymphoma treated in population-based prospective clinical trials. Blood. 2008;112(4):1374–81.
Lindsley RC, LaCasce AS. Biology of double-hit B-cell lymphomas. Curr Opin Hematol. 2012;19(4):299–304.
Perry AM, Crockett D, Dave BJ, Althof P, Winkler L, Smith LM, et al. B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma: study of 39 cases. Br J Haematol. 2013;162(1):40–9.
Pillai RK, Sathanoori M, Van Oss SB, Swerdlow SH. Double-hit B-cell lymphomas with BCL6 and MYC translocations are aggressive, frequently extranodal lymphomas distinct from BCL2 double-hit B-cell lymphomas. Am J Surg Pathol. 2013;37(3):323–32.
Swerdlow SH. Diagnosis of ‘double hit’ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between DLBCL and Burkitt lymphoma: when and how, FISH versus IHC. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2014;2014(1):90–9.
Wang W, Hu S, Lu X, Young KH, Medeiros LJ. Triple-hit B-cell lymphoma with MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 translocations/rearrangements: clinicopathologic features of 11 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2015;39(8):1132–9.
Murphy SB. Classification, staging and end results of treatment of childhood non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: dissimilarities from lymphomas in adults. Semin Oncol. 1980;7(3):332–9.
Rosolen A, Perkins SL, Pinkerton CR, Guillerman RP, Sandlund JT, Patte C, et al. Revised international pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphoma staging system. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(18):2112–8.
Cheson BD, Fisher RI, Barrington SF, Cavalli F, Schwartz LH, Zucca E, et al. Recommendations for initial evaluation, staging, and response assessment of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: the Lugano classification. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(27):3059–68.
Oosten LEM, Chamuleau MED, Thielen FW, de Wreede LC, Siemes C, Doorduijn JK, et al. Treatment of sporadic Burkitt lymphoma in adults, a retrospective comparison of four treatment regimens. Ann Hematol. 2018;97(2):255–66.
Hoelzer D, Walewski J, Döhner H, Viardot A, Hiddemann W, Spiekermann K, et al. Improved outcome of adult Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia with rituximab and chemotherapy: report of a large prospective multicenter trial. Blood. 2014;124(26):3870–9.
Barnes JA, LaCasce AS, Feng Y, Toomey CE, Neuberg D, Michaelson JS, et al. Evaluation of the addition of rituximab to CODOX-M/IVAC for Burkitt’s lymphoma: a retrospective analysis. Ann Oncol. 2011;22(8):1859–64.
Dave SS, Fu K, Wright GW, Lam LT, Kluin P, Boerma EJ, et al. Molecular diagnosis of Burkitt’s lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(23):2431–42.
Hecht JL, Aster JC. Molecular biology of Burkitt’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(21):3707–21.
Neri A, Barriga F, Knowles DM, Magrath IT, Dalla-Favera R. Different regions of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus are involved in chromosomal translocations in distinct pathogenetic forms of Burkitt lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988;85(8):2748–52.
Magrath IT. African Burkitt’s lymphoma. History, biology, clinical features, and treatment. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1991;13(2):222–46.
Mbulaiteye SM, Anderson WF, Ferlay J, Bhatia K, Chang C, Rosenberg PS, et al. Pediatric, elderly, and emerging adult-onset peaks in Burkitt’s lymphoma incidence diagnosed in four continents, excluding Africa. Am J Hematol. 2012;87(6):573–8.
Mbulaiteye SM, Anderson WF, Bhatia K, Rosenberg PS, Linet MS, Devesa SS. Trimodal age-specific incidence patterns for Burkitt lymphoma in the United States, 1973–2005. Int J Cancer. 2010;126(7):1732–9.
Levine AM. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphoma. Blood. 1992;80(1):8–20.
Lim ST, Karim R, Nathwani BN, Tulpule A, Espina B, Levine AM. AIDS-related Burkitt’s lymphoma versus diffuse large-cell lymphoma in the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and HAART eras: significant differences in survival with standard chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(19):4430–8.
Kaplan MA, Ferry JA, Harris NL, Jacobson JO. Clonal analysis of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders, using both episomal Epstein-Barr virus and immunoglobulin genes as markers. Am J Clin Pathol. 1994;101(5):590–6.
Roithmann S, Toledano M, Tourani JM, Raphael M, Gentilini M, Gastaut JA, et al. HIV-associated non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: clinical characteristics and outcome. The experience of the French registry of HIV-associated tumors. Ann Oncol. 1991;2(4):289–95.
Grygalewicz B, Woroniecka R, Rymkiewicz G, Rygier J, Borkowska K, Kotyl A, et al. The 11q-gain/loss aberration occurs recurrently in MYC-negative Burkitt-like lymphoma with 11q aberration, as well as MYC-positive Burkitt lymphoma and MYC-positive high-grade B-cell lymphoma, NOS. Am J Clin Pathol. 2018;149(1):17–28.
Rymkiewicz G, Grygalewicz B, Chechlinska M, Blachnio K, Bystydzienski Z, Romejko-Jarosinska J, et al. A comprehensive flow-cytometry-based immunophenotypic characterization of Burkitt-like lymphoma with 11q aberration. Mod Pathol. 2018;31(5):732–43.
Ferreiro JF, Morscio J, Dierickx D, Marcelis L, Verhoef G, Vandenberghe P, et al. Post-transplant molecularly defined Burkitt lymphomas are frequently MYC-negative and characterized by the 11q-gain/loss pattern. Haematologica. 2015;100(7):e275–e9.
Aukema SM, Kreuz M, Kohler CW, Rosolowski M, Hasenclever D, Hummel M, et al. Biological characterization of adult MYC-translocation-positive mature B-cell lymphomas other than molecular Burkitt lymphoma. Haematologica. 2014;99(4):726–35.
Li S, Desai P, Lin P, Yin CC, Tang G, Wang XJ, et al. MYC/BCL6 double-hit lymphoma (DHL): a tumour associated with an aggressive clinical course and poor prognosis. Histopathology. 2016;68(7):1090–8.
Snuderl M, Kolman OK, Chen YB, Hsu JJ, Ackerman AM, Dal Cin P, et al. B-cell lymphomas with concurrent IGH-BCL2 and MYC rearrangements are aggressive neoplasms with clinical and pathologic features distinct from Burkitt lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34(3):327–40.
Kanagal-Shamanna R, Medeiros LJ, Lu G, Wang SA, Manning JT, Lin P, et al. High-grade B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with blastoid features: an unusual morphological subgroup associated frequently with BCL2 and/or MYC gene rearrangements and a poor prognosis. Histopathology. 2012;61(5):945–54.
Vaidyanathan G, Ngamphaiboon N, Hernandez-Ilizaliturri FJ. Clinical spectrum and prognosis of follicular lymphoma with blastoid transformation: case series and a review of the literature. Ann Hematol. 2011;90(8):955–62.
Mann RB, Jaffe ES, Braylan RC, Nanba K, Frank MM, Ziegler JL, et al. Non-endemic Burkitts’s lymphoma. A B-cell tumor related to germinal centers. N Engl J Med. 1976;295(13):685–91.
Pavlova Z, Parker JW, Taylor CR, Levine AM, Feinstein DI, Lukes RJ. Small noncleaved follicular center cell lymphoma: Burkitt’s and non-Burkitt’s variants in the US. II. Pathologic and immunologic features. Cancer. 1987;59(11):1892–902.
Koo CH, Rappaport H, Sheibani K, Pangalis GA, Nathwani BN, Winberg CD. Imprint cytology of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas based on a study of 212 immunologically characterized cases: correlation of touch imprints with tissue sections. Hum Pathol. 1989;20(12 Suppl 1):1–137.
Bhatt AP, Jacobs SR, Freemerman AJ, Makowski L, Rathmell JC, Dittmer DP, et al. Dysregulation of fatty acid synthesis and glycolysis in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2012;109(29):11818.
Stastny JF, Almeida MM, Wakely PE Jr, Kornstein MJ, Frable WJ. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy and imprint cytology of small non-cleaved cell (Burkitt’s) lymphoma. Diagn Cytopathol. 1995;12(3):201–7.
Braziel RM, Arber DA, Slovak ML, Gulley ML, Spier C, Kjeldsberg C, et al. The Burkitt-like lymphomas: a Southwest Oncology Group study delineating phenotypic, genotypic, and clinical features. Blood. 2001;97(12):3713–20.
Carbone A, Gloghini A, Gaidano G, Cilia AM, Bassi P, Polito P, et al. AIDS-related Burkitt’s lymphoma. Morphologic and immunophenotypic study of biopsy specimens. Am J Clin Pathol. 1995;103(5):561–7.
Haralambieva E, Rosati S, van Noesel C, Boers E, van Marwijk Kooy M, Schuuring E, et al. Florid granulomatous reaction in Epstein-Barr virus-positive nonendemic Burkitt lymphomas: report of four cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004;28(3):379–83.
Hollingsworth HC, Longo DL, Jaffe ES. Small noncleaved cell lymphoma associated with florid epithelioid granulomatous response. A clinicopathologic study of seven patients. Am J Surg Pathol. 1993;17(1):51–9.
Kramer MH, Raghoebier S, Beverstock GC, de Jong D, Kluin PM, Kluin-Nelemans JC. De novo acute B-cell leukemia with translocation t(14;18): an entity with a poor prognosis. Leukemia. 1991;5(6):473–8.
Gebauer N, Bernard V, Feller AC, Merz H. ID3 mutations are recurrent events in double-hit B-cell lymphomas. Anticancer Res. 2013;33(11):4771–8.
Gebauer N, Bernard V, Gebauer W, Thorns C, Feller AC, Merz H. TP53 mutations are frequent events in double-hit B-cell lymphomas with MYC and BCL2 but not MYC and BCL6 translocations. Leuk Lymphoma. 2015;56(1):179–85.
Gebauer N, Bernard V, Thorns C, Feller AC, Merz H. Oncogenic MYD88 mutations are rare events in double-hit B-cell lymphomas. Acta Haematol. 2015;133(1):113–5.
Li S, Seegmiller AC, Lin P, Wang XJ, Miranda RN, Bhagavathi S, et al. B-cell lymphomas with concurrent MYC and BCL2 abnormalities other than translocations behave similarly to MYC/BCL2 double-hit lymphomas. Mod Pathol. 2015;28(2):208–17.
Andersson ML, Stam NJ, Klein G, Ploegh HL, Masucci MG. Aberrant expression of HLA class-I antigens in Burkitt lymphoma cells. Int J Cancer. 1991;47(4):544–50.
Pedersen MO, Gang AO, Poulsen TS, Knudsen H, Lauritzen AF, Nielsen SL, et al. MYC translocation partner gene determines survival of patients with large B-cell lymphoma with MYC- or double-hit MYC/BCL2 translocations. Eur J Haematol. 2014;92(1):42–8.
Hsi ED. Hematopathology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders; 2018. xiv, 744 p. p.
Lin P, Dickason TJ, Fayad LE, Lennon PA, Hu P, Garcia M, et al. Prognostic value of MYC rearrangement in cases of B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma. Cancer. 2012;118(6):1566–73.
Guikema JE, de Boer C, Haralambieva E, Smit LA, van Noesel CJ, Schuuring E, et al. IGH switch breakpoints in Burkitt lymphoma: exclusive involvement of noncanonical class switch recombination. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2006;45(9):808–19.
May PC, Foot N, Dunn R, Geoghegan H, Neat MJ. Detection of cryptic and variant IGH-MYC rearrangements in high-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma by fluorescence in situ hybridization: implications for cytogenetic testing. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2010;198(1):71–5.
Leucci E, Cocco M, Onnis A, De Falco G, van Cleef P, Bellan C, et al. MYC translocation-negative classical Burkitt lymphoma cases: an alternative pathogenetic mechanism involving miRNA deregulation. J Pathol. 2008;216(4):440–50.
Haralambieva E, Schuuring E, Rosati S, van Noesel C, Jansen P, Appel I, et al. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization for detection of 8q24/MYC breakpoints on routine histologic sections: validation in Burkitt lymphomas from three geographic regions. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2004;40(1):10–8.
Aukema SM, Theil L, Rohde M, Bauer B, Bradtke J, Burkhardt B, et al. Sequential karyotyping in Burkitt lymphoma reveals a linear clonal evolution with increase in karyotype complexity and a high frequency of recurrent secondary aberrations. Br J Haematol. 2015;170(6):814–25.
Dominguez-Sola D, Victora GD, Ying CY, Phan RT, Saito M, Nussenzweig MC, et al. c-MYC is required for germinal center selection and cyclic re-entry. Nat Immunol. 2012;13(11):1083–91.
Kelly GL, Rickinson AB. Burkitt lymphoma: revisiting the pathogenesis of a virus-associated malignancy. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2007:277–84.
Bissonnette RP, Echeverri F, Mahboubi A, Green DR. Apoptotic cell death induced by c-myc is inhibited by bcl-2. Nature. 1992;359(6395):552–4.
Bouska A, Bi C, Lone W, Zhang W, Kedwaii A, Heavican T, et al. Adult high-grade B-cell lymphoma with Burkitt lymphoma signature: genomic features and potential therapeutic targets. Blood. 2017;130(16):1819–31.
De Souza MT, Vera-Lozada G, Othman M, Marques-Salles TJ, Pinto LW, da Rocha MM, et al. Molecular and cytogenetic studies in a child with Burkitt lymphoma and ataxia-telangiectasia syndrome harboring MYC overexpression and partial trisomy 8. Ann Lab Med. 2018;38(1):63–6.
Dittmer DP. Not like a wrecking ball: EBV fine-tunes MYC lymphomagenesis. Blood. 2014;123(4):460–1.
Epstein MA, Achong BG, Barr YM. Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt’s lymphoma. Lancet. 1964;1(7335):702–3.
Raab-Traub N, Flynn K. The structure of the termini of the Epstein-Barr virus as a marker of clonal cellular proliferation. Cell. 1986;47(6):883–9.
Brown NA, Liu CR, Wang YF, Garcia CR. B-cell lymphoproliferation and lymphomagenesis are associated with clonotypic intracellular terminal regions of the Epstein-Barr virus. J Virol. 1988;62(3):962–9.
Gutierrez MI, Bhatia K, Cherney B, Capello D, Gaidano G, Magrath I. Intraclonal molecular heterogeneity suggests a hierarchy of pathogenetic events in Burkitt’s lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 1997;8(10):987–94.
Young LS, Murray PG. Epstein-Barr virus and oncogenesis: from latent genes to tumours. Oncogene. 2003;22(33):5108–21.
Seitz V, Butzhammer P, Hirsch B, Hecht J, Gutgemann I, Ehlers A, et al. Deep sequencing of MYC DNA-binding sites in Burkitt lymphoma. PLoS One. 2011;6(11):e26837.
Gutierrez MI, Bhatia K, Barriga F, Diez B, Muriel FS, de Andreas ML, et al. Molecular epidemiology of Burkitt’s lymphoma from South America: differences in breakpoint location and Epstein-Barr virus association from tumors in other world regions. Blood. 1992;79(12):3261–6.
Wilmore JR, Asito AS, Wei C, Piriou E, Sumba PO, Sanz I, et al. AID expression in peripheral blood of children living in a malaria holoendemic region is associated with changes in B cell subsets and Epstein-Barr virus. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(6):1371–80.
Robbiani DF, Deroubaix S, Feldhahn N, Oliveira TY, Callen E, Wang Q, et al. Plasmodium infection promotes genomic instability and AID-dependent B cell lymphoma. Cell. 2015;162(4):727–37.
Molyneux EM, Rochford R, Griffin B, Newton R, Jackson G, Menon G, et al. Burkitt’s lymphoma. Lancet. 2012;379(9822):1234–44.
Mannucci S, Luzzi A, Carugi A, Gozzetti A, Lazzi S, Malagnino V, et al. EBV reactivation and chromosomal polysomies: Euphorbia tirucalli as a possible cofactor in endemic Burkitt lymphoma. Adv Hematol. 2012;2012:149780.
van den Bosch C. A role for RNA viruses in the pathogenesis of Burkitt’s lymphoma: the need for reappraisal. Adv Hematol. 2012;2012:494758.
van den Bosch CA. Is endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma an alliance between three infections and a tumour promoter? Lancet Oncol. 2004;5(12):738–46.
Reddy K, Ansari-Lari M, Dipasquale B. Blastic mantle cell lymphoma with a Burkitt translocation. Leuk Lymphoma. 2008;49(4):740–50.
Havelange V, Ameye G, Théate I, Callet-Bauchu E, Lippert E, Luquet I, et al. The peculiar 11q-gain/loss aberration reported in a subset of MYC-negative high-grade B-cell lymphomas can also occur in a MYC-rearranged lymphoma. Cancer Genet. 2016;209(3):117–8.
Zelenetz AD, Gordon LI, Abramson JS, Advani R, Andreadis CB, Bartlett NL, et al. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: B-cell lymphomas. 3.2018 ed: National comprehensive cancer network; 2018.
Moore EM, Aggarwal N, Surti U, Swerdlow SH. Further exploration of the complexities of large B-cell lymphomas with MYC abnormalities and the importance of a blastoid morphology. Am J Surg Pathol. 2017;41(9):1155–66.
Sullivan MP, Ramirez I. Curability of Burkitt’s lymphoma with high-dose cyclophosphamide-high-dose methotrexate therapy and intrathecal chemoprophylaxis. J Clin Oncol. 1985;3(5):627–36.
Patte C, Auperin A, Michon J, Behrendt H, Leverger G, Frappaz D, et al. The Societe Francaise d’Oncologie Pediatrique LMB89 protocol: highly effective multiagent chemotherapy tailored to the tumor burden and initial response in 561 unselected children with B-cell lymphomas and L3 leukemia. Blood. 2001;97(11):3370–9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wang, X., Huang, Q. (2020). High-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma. In: Wang, E., Lagoo, A.S. (eds) Practical Lymph Node and Bone Marrow Pathology. Practical Anatomic Pathology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32189-5_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32189-5_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-32188-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-32189-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)