Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Adaptation, Regulation, Sentience and Brain Control

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Stress and Animal Welfare

Part of the book series: Animal Welfare ((AWNS,volume 19))

  • 2610 Accesses

Abstract

In this chapter, the central focus is on the mechanisms used by animals to control their interactions with all aspects of their world. In order to understand what is stressful and what situations lead to good or poor welfare, we need to know about the systems with which humans and other species regulate their lives. Research on motivation has long been a major aspect of animal welfare science. Since the brain is the source of control mechanisms its complexity of function is a key issue. Which animals are sentient and when during development do humans and other animals become sentient? What are the roles of the complex mechanisms that we call feelings and emotions? Terms defined in this chapter include: adaptation, homeostasis, sentience, causal factor, motivational state, gain, need, frustration, pain, feelings, emotion and suffering.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aarts H, Dijksterhuis A, de Vries P (2001) On the psychology of drinking: being thirsty and perceptually ready. Br J Psychol 92:631–642

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bagley DVM (2005) Fundamentals of veterinary clinical neurology. Blackwell, Ames

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateson P (1991) Assessment of pain in animals. Anim Behav 42:827–839

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernardino T, Tatemoto P, Morrone B, Rodrigues PHM, Zanella AJ (2016) Piglets born from sows fed high fibre diets during pregnancy are less aggressive prior to weaning. PLoS One 11(12):e0167363. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167363

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bligh J (1973) Temperature regulation in mammals and other vertebrates. North-Holland, Amsterdam, p 167

    Google Scholar 

  • Blokhuis HJ, Veissier I, Miele M, Jones B (2010) The welfare quality project and beyond: safeguarding farm animal well-being. Acta Agric Scand Sect A Anim Sci 60:129–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Boissy A, Manteuffel G, Jensen MB, Moe RO, Spruijt B, Keeling LJ, Winckler C, Forkman B, Dimitrov I, Langbein J, Bakken M, Veisier I, Aubert A (2007) Assessment of positive emotions in animals to improve their welfare. Physiol Behav 92:375–397

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw RH (1998) Consciousness in non-human animals: adopting the precautionary principle. J Conscious Stud 5:108–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite V (2010) Do fish feel pain? Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Brambell FWR (1965) Report on the technical committee to enquire into the welfare of livestock kept under intensive husbandry conditions. HMSO, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Broom DM (1968) Specific habituation by chicks. Nature 217:880–881

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broom DM (1981a) Behavioural plasticity in developing animals. In: Garrod DR, Feldman JD (eds) Development in the nervous system. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 361–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Broom DM (1981b) Biology of behaviour. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Broom DM (1985) Stress, welfare and the state of equilibrium. In: Wegner RM (ed) Proceedings of the 2nd European symposium of poultry welfare, Celle, Germany. World Poultry Science Association, Beekberge, pp 72–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Broom DM (1998) Welfare, stress and the evolution of feelings. Adv Study Behav 27:371–403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broom DM (2001a) Coping, stress and welfare. In: Broom DM (ed) Coping with challenge: welfare in animals including humans. Dahlem University Press, Berlin, pp 1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Broom DM (2001b) The evolution of pain. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 70:17–21

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broom DM (2001c) Evolution of pain. In: Soulsby EJL, Morton D (eds) Pain: its nature and management in man and animals, Royal society of medicine international congress and symposium series, vol 246, pp 17–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Broom DM (2003) The evolution of morality and religion. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 259

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Broom DM (2006a) Adaptation. Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 119:1–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broom DM (2006b) The evolution of morality. Appl Anim Behav Sci 100:20–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broom DM (2007) Cognitive ability and sentience: which aquatic animals should be protected? Dis Aquat Organ 75:99–108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broom DM (2010) Cognitive ability and awareness in domestic animals and decisions about obligations to animals. Appl Anim Behav Sci 126:1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broom DM (2014) Sentience and animal welfare. CABI, Wallingford, p 200

    Google Scholar 

  • Broom DM (2016) Fish brains and behaviour indicate capacity for feeling pain. Anim Sentience 1(3):4. 2016.010 (5 pages)

    Google Scholar 

  • Broom DM (2017) Cortisol: often not the best indicator of stress and poor welfare. Physiol News 107:30–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Broom DM, Fraser AF (2015) Domestic animal behaviour and welfare, 5th edn. CABI, Wallingford, p 472

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Broom DM, Johnson KG (1993) Stress and animal welfare. Springer, Dordrecht. (initially published by Chapman and Hall)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Broom DM, Zanella AJ (2004) Brain measures which tell us about animal welfare. Anim Welf 13:S41–S45

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burt de Perera T (2004) Fish can encode order in their spatial map. Proc R Soc, Lond B 271:2131–2134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cabanac M, Johnson KG (1983) Analysis of a conflict between palatability and cold exposure in rats. Physiol Behav 31:249–253

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon WB (1935) Stresses and strains of homeostasis. Am J Med Sci 189:1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlstead K (1986) Predictability of feeding: its effect on agonistic behaviour and growth in grower pigs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 16:25–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chrousos GP, Kino T (2007) Glucocorticoid action networks and complex psychiatric and/or somatic disorders. Stress 10:213–219

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke KW, Trim CM, Hall LW (2014) Veterinary anaesthesia. Saunders Elsevier, Edinburgh, p 712

    Google Scholar 

  • Crone C, Hultborn H, Mazières L, Morin C, Nielsen J, Pierrot-Desseilligny E (1990) Sensitivity of monosynaptic test reflexes to facilitation and inhibition as a function of the test reflex size: a study in man and the cat. Exp Brain Res 81:35–45

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeGrazia D (1996) Taking animals seriously. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson A (1985) Actions and habits: the development of behavioural autonomy. In: Weiskrantz L (ed) Animal intelligence. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp 67–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson A, Balleine B (2002) The role of learning in the operation of motivational systems. In: Poshler H, Gallistol R (eds) Stevens handbook of experimental psychology. John Wiley, New York, pp 497–533

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan IJH, Wood-Gush DGM (1971) Frustration and aggression in the domestic fowl. Anim Behav 19:500–504

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan IJH, Wood-Gush DGM (1972) Thwarting of feeding behaviour in the domestic fowl. Anim Behav 20:444–451

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fazlul Haque AKM, Broom DM (1985) Experiments comparing the use of kites and gas bangers to protect crops from woodpigeon damage. Agric Ecosyst Environ 2:219–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson MJ, Borgh JA (2004) Liking is for doing: the effects of goal pursuit on automatic evaluation. J Personal Soc Biol 87:557–572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forkman BA (2002) Learning and cognition. In: Jensen P (ed) The ethology of domestic animals. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 51–64

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fox E (2008) Emotion science. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gazarini ML, Garcia CRS (2004) The malaria parasite mitochondrion senses cytosolic Ca2+ fluctuations. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 321:138–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.06.141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagen K, Broom DM (2004) Emotional reactions to learning in cattle. Appl Anim Behav Sci 85:203–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halliday TR, Sweatman HPA (1976) To breathe or not to breathe: the newt’s problem. Anim Behav 24:551–561

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hemsworth PH, Coleman GJ (2010) Human–livestock interaction: the stockperson and the productivity and welfare of intensively farmed animals. CABI, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Henquin J-C (2011) The dual control of insulin secretion by glucose involves triggering and amplifying pathways in β-cells. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 93:S27–S31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hinde RA (1970) Animal behaviour: a synthesis of ethology and comparative psychology, 2nd edn. McGraw Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard SR, Avarguès-Weber A, Garcia JE, Greentree AD, Dyer AG (2018) Numerical ordering of zero in honey bees. Science 360:1124–1126. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar4975

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iggo A (1984) Pain in animals. Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, Potters Bar

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson KG, Cabanac M (1982) Homeostatic competition between food intake and temperature regulation in rats. Physiol Behav 28:675–679

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson KG, Hales JRS (1984) An introductory analysis of competition between thermoregulation and other homeostatic systems. In: Hales JRS (ed) Thermal physiology. Raven Press, New York, pp 295–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Kavaliers M (1989) Evolutionary aspects of the neuromodulation of nociceptive behaviors. Am Zool 29:1345–1353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kendrick KM, da Costa AP, Leigh AE, Hinton MR, Peirce JW (2001) Sheep don’t forget a face. Nature 414:165–166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keogh RG, Lynch JJ (1982) Early feeding experience and subsequent acceptance of feed by sheep. Proc N Z Soc Anim Prod 42:73–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Kivlighan KT, DiPietro JA, Costigan KA, Laudenslager ML (2008) Diurnal rhythm of cortisol during late pregnancy: associations with maternal psychological well-being and fetal growth. Psychoneuroendocrinology 33:1225–1235

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kohda M, Hotta T, Takeyama T, Awata S, Tanaka H, Asai J-y, Jordan AL (2019) If a fish can pass the mark test, what are the implications for consciousness and self-awareness testing in animals? PLoS Biol 17(2):e3000021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000021

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkwood JK (2006) The distribution of the capacity for sentience in the animal kingdom. In: Turner J, D’Silva J (eds) Animals, ethics and trade: the challenge of animal sentience. Compassion in World Farming Trust, Petersfield, pp 12–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumsta R, Entringer S, Hellhammer DH, Wüst S (2007) Cortisol and ACTH responses to psychosocial stress are modulated by corticosteroid binding globulin levels. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32:1153–1157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.08.007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larkin S, McFarland D (1978) The cost of changing from one activity to another. Anim Behav 26:1237–1246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeDoux J (2012) Rethinking the emotional brain. Neuron 73:653–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McFarland DJ (1971) Feedback mechanisms in animal behaviour. Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellor DJ, Beausoleil NJ (2015) Extending the ‘five domains’ model for animal welfare assessment to incorporate positive welfare states. Anim Welf 24:241–253. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.24.3.241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mellor DJ, Patterson-Kane E, Stafford KJ (2009) The sciences of animal welfare. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Metz JHM (1975) Time patterns of feeding and rumination in domestic cattle. Mededelingen Landbouwhoogeschule Wageningen 75:1–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller NE (1959) Liberalization of basic S-R concepts: extensions to conflict behaviour, motivation and social learning. In: Koch S (ed) Psychology: a study of a science, vol II. McGraw Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Mormède P, Adanson S, Beerda B, Guémené D, Malmkvist J, Manteca X, Manteuffel G, Prunet P, van Reenen CG, Richard S, Veissier I (2007) Exploration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function as a tool to evaluate animal welfare. Physiol Behav 92:317–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.12.2006.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Odling-Smee L, Braithwaite VA (2003) The role of learning in fish orientation. Fish Fish 4:235–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Overmier JB, Patterson J, Wielkiewicz RM (1980) Environmental contingencies as sources of stress in animals. In: Levine S, Ursin H (eds) Coping and health. Plenum Press, New York, pp 1–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Panksepp J (1998) Affective neuroscience. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Panksepp J (2005) Affective consciousness: core emotional feelings in animals and humans. Conscious Cogn 14:30–80

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paul ES, Harding EJ, Mendl M (2005) Measuring emotional processes in animals: the utility of a cognitive approach. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29:469–491

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raby CR, Clayton NS (2009) Prospective cognition in animals. Behav Process 80:314–324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ralph CR, Tilbrook AJ (2016) The usefulness of measuring glucocorticoids for assessing animal welfare. J Anim Sci 94:457–470. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas2015-9645

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rollin BE (1981) Animal rights and human moralit. Prometheus, Buffalo, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolls ET (1999) The brain and emotion. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy N, Kumar Nagashan R, Ranade S, Tatu U (2012) Heat shock protein 90 from neglected protozoan parasites. Cell Res 1823:707–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.12.003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rushen J (1986) Aversion of sheep for handling treatments: paired choice experiments. Appl Anim Behav Sci 16:363–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rushen J (1990) Use of aversion–learning techniques to measure distress in sheep. Appl Anim Behav Sci 28:3–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salwiczek LH, Prétôt L, Demarta L, Proctor D, Essler J, Pinto AI, Wismer S, Stoinski T, Brosnan SF, Bshary R (2012) Adult cleaner wrasse outperform capuchin monkeys, chimpanzees and orang-utans in a complex foraging task derived from cleaner – client reef fish cooperation. PLoS One 7:e49068. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049068

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sander D (2013) Models of emotion: the affective neuroscience approach. In: Armony J, Vuilleumier P (eds) The Cambridge handbook of affective neuroscience. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 5–53

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Serova LI, Gueorguiev V, Cheng SY, Sabban EL (2008) Adrenocorticotropic hormone elevates gene expression for catecholamine biosynthesis in rat superior cervical ganglia and locus coeruleus by an adrenal independent mechanism. Neuroscience 153:1380–1389

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shah JY, Gardner WL (eds) (2008) Handbook of motivation science. The Guildford Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Sibly R, McFarland D (1974) A state–space approach to motivation. In: McFarland DJ (ed) Motivational control systems analysis. Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Sneddon LU, Elwood RW, Adamo SA, Leach MC (2014) Defining and assessing animal pain. Anim Behav 97:201–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sokolov EM (1960) Neuronal models and the orienting reflex. In: Brazier MA (ed) The central nervous system and behavior. Macy Foundation, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Swaney W, Kendal J, Capon H, Brown C, Laland KN (2001) Familiarity facilitates social learning of foraging behaviour in the guppy. Anim Behav 62:591–598

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe WH (1965) The assessment of pain and distress in animals. Appendix III in Report of the technical committee to enquire into the welfare of animals kept under intensive husbandry conditions, F.W.R. Brambell (chairman). H.M.S.O, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilbrook AJ (2007) Neuropeptides, stress-related. In: Fink G (ed) Encyclopedia of stress. Academic, Oxford, pp 903–908

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Toates F (2002) Physiology, motivation and the organization of behaviour. In: Jensen P (ed) Ethology of domestic animals – an introduction. CAB International, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolkamp BJ, Howie JA, Bley TA, Kyriazakis I (2012) Prandial correlations and the structure of feeding behaviour. Appl Anim Behav Sci 137:53–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner AI, Keating C, Tilbrook AJ (2012) Sex differences and the role of sex steroids in sympatho-adrenal medullary system the hyporthalamo-pituitary adrenal axis responses to stress. In: Kahn SM (ed) Sex steroids. Tech. Publishing, Rijeka, pp 115–136

    Google Scholar 

  • van Stegeren AH, Wolf OT, Everaerd W, Rombouts SART (2007) Interaction of endogenous cortisol and noradrenaline in the human amygdala. Prog Brain Res 167:263–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(07)67020-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vince MA (1966) Artificial acceleration of hatching in quail embryos. Anim Behav 14:389–394

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wall PD (1992) Defining “pain in animals.”. In: Short CE, van Poznak A (eds) Animal pain. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 63–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss JM (1971) Effects of coping behaviour in different warning signal conditions on stress pathology in rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol 77:1–13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiepkema PR (1985) Abnormal behaviour in farm animals: ethological implications. Neth J Zool 35:279–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiepkema PR (1987) Behavioural aspects of stress. In: Wiepkema PR, van Adrichem PWM (eds) Biology of stress in farm animals: an integrative approach. Current topics in veterinary medicine and animal science, vol 42. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, pp 113–183

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wood-Gush DGM (1988) The relevance of the knowledge of free ranging domesticated animals for animal husbandry. In: van Putten G, Unshelm J, Zeeb K (eds) Proceedings of the international congress of applied ethology in farm animals, Skara, Sweden. KTBL, Darmstadt

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary Medicine and St Catharine’s College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Donald M. Broom

  2. School of Veterinary Studies, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia

    Ken G. Johnson

Authors
  1. Donald M. Broom
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ken G. Johnson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Broom, D.M., Johnson, K.G. (2019). Adaptation, Regulation, Sentience and Brain Control. In: Stress and Animal Welfare. Animal Welfare, vol 19. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32153-6_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation