Abstract
MR imaging of the pediatric adrenal gland allows for diagnosis and management of congenital and acquired abnormalities. This chapter reviews adrenal MR imaging physics and techniques, adrenal anatomy and embryology, as well as the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and imaging of common congenital and acquired adrenal pathology including discoid adrenal gland, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, testicular adrenal rest tumors, neuroblastic tumors (neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma), pheochromocytomas, adrenocortical carcinoma and adenomas, and adrenal hemorrhage. While there are areas of overlap in the MR imaging features of adrenal lesions with adults, an understanding of the common pediatric adrenal abnormalities and their clinical and imaging features helps in the diagnosis and treatment of affected infants and children.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Shetty AS, Sipe AL, Zulfiqar M, Tsai R, Raptis DA, Raptis CA, et al. In-phase and opposed-phase imaging: applications of chemical shift and magnetic susceptibility in the chest and abdomen. Radiogaphics. 2019;39(1):115–35.
Moore MM, Chung T. Review of key concepts in magnetic resonance physics. Pediatr Radiol. 2017;47(5):497–506.
Avisse C, Marcus C, Patey M, Ladam-Marcus V, Delattre JF, Flament JB. Surgical anatomy and embryology of the adrenal glands. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80(1):403–15.
Moore K, TVN P, Torchia MG. The developing human. Clinically oriented embryology. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2016.
Sargar KM, Khanna G, Hulett Bowling R. Imaging of nonmalignant adrenal lesions in children. Radiographics. 2017;37(6):1648–64.
Planz VB, Dyer RB. The “pancake” adrenal. Abdom Imaging. 2015;40(6):2041–3.
Sargar KM, Khanna G, Bowling RH. Imaging of nonmalignant adrenal lesions in children. Radiographics. 2017;37(6):1648–64.
Weismiller DG. Expanded newborn screening: information and resources for the family physician. Am Family Physician. 2017;95(11):703–9.
Kok HK, Sherlock M, Healy NA, Doody O, Govender P, Torreggiani WC. Imaging features of poorly controlled congenital adrenal hyperplasia in adults. Br J Radiol. 2015;88(1053):20150352.
Stikkelbroeck NM, Suliman HM, Otten BJ, Hermus AR, Blickman JG, Jager GJ. Testicular adrenal rest tumours in postpubertal males with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: sonographic and MR features. Eur Radiol. 2003;13(7):1597–603.
Lonergan GJ, Schwab CM, Suarez ES, Carlson CL. Neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2002;22(4):911–34.
Swift CC, Eklund MJ, Kraveka JM, Alazraki AL. Updates in diagnosis, management, and treatment of neuroblastoma. Radiographics. 2018;38(2):566–80.
Siegel MJ, Jaju A. MR imaging of neuroblastic masses. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2008;16(3):499–513.. vi
Monclair T, Brodeur GM, Ambros PF, Brisse HJ, Cecchetto G, Holmes K, et al. The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) staging system: an INRG Task Force report. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(2):298–303.
Brisse HJ, McCarville MB, Granata C, Krug KB, Wootton-Gorges SL, Kanegawa K, et al. Guidelines for imaging and staging of neuroblastic tumors: consensus report from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Project. Radiology. 2011;261(1):243–57.
Shimada H, Ambros IM, Dehner LP, Hata J, Joshi VV, Roald B, et al. The international neuroblastoma pathology classification (the Shimada system). Cancer. 1999;86(2):364–72.
Hwang SM, Yoo SY, Kim JH, Jeon TY. Congenital adrenal neuroblastoma with and without cystic change: differentiating features with an emphasis on the of value of ultrasound. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2016;207(5):1105–11.
Ross JH. Pheochromocytoma. Special considerations in children. Urol Clin North Am. 2000;27(3):393–402.
Balassy C, Navarro OM, Daneman A. Adrenal masses in children. Radiol Clin N Am. 2011;49(4):711–27.. vi
Havekes B, Romijn JA, Eisenhofer G, Adams K, Pacak K. Update on pediatric pheochromocytoma. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24(5):943–50.
Paterson A. Adrenal pathology in childhood: a spectrum of disease. Eur Radiol. 2002;12(10):2491–508.
Jalil ND, Pattou FN, Combemale F, Chapuis Y, Henry JF, Peix JL, et al. Effectiveness and limits of preoperative imaging studies for the localisation of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: a review of 282 cases. French Association of Surgery (AFC), and The French Association of Endocrine Surgeons (AFCE). Eur J Surg. 1998;164(1):23–8.
McHugh K. Renal and adrenal tumours in children. Cancer Imaging. 2007;7(1):41–51.
Dehner LP. Pediatric adrenocortical neoplasms: on the road to some clarity. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27(7):1005–7.
Wieneke JA, Thompson LD, Heffess CS. Adrenal cortical neoplasms in the pediatric population: a clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic analysis of 83 patients. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27(7):867–81.
Bharwani N, Rockall AG, Sahdev A, Gueorguiev M, Drake W, Grossman AB, et al. Adrenocortical carcinoma: the range of appearances on CT and MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196(6):W706–14.
Kilcoyne AMS, Blake MA. MR imaging of adrenal lesions. Appl Radiol. 2017;46(4):18–24.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brian, J.M., Rao, A.G., Moore, M.M. (2020). Adrenal Glands. In: Lee, E., Liszewski, M., Gee, M., Daltro, P., Restrepo, R. (eds) Pediatric Body MRI. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31989-2_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31989-2_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-31988-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-31989-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)