Skip to main content

Multicultural Race Relations, French Republican Integration, Civic Integration, and Education as National Security

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Civil Disorder, Domestic Terrorism and Education Policy

Abstract

James and Janmaat analyse the policy developments outlined in Chapters 3 and 4 in relation to the indicators set out in Chapter 2. They find both the British multicultural and the French republican ‘philosophies’ to be significant in framing the policy debate, even as key concepts of these philosophies have been contested. They also find evidence of convergence towards a civic integration approach. A key point of convergence is that governments in both countries have sought to use the education system as an instrument in the fight against terrorism. In both cases, these policies involve promoting liberal-democratic values to build young people’s resilience to radicalisation and training professionals in identifying and reporting those deemed to be at risk of radicalisation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alam, Y., & Husband, C. (2013). Islamophobia, community cohesion and counter-terrorism policies in Britain. Patterns of Prejudice, 47(3), 235–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archer, T. (2009). Welcome to the Umma: The British state and its Muslim citizens since 9/11. Cooperation and Conflict, 44(3), 329–347. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836709106219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banks, J. A. (2009). Multicultural education: Dimensions and paradigms. In J. A. Banks (Ed.), The Routledge international companion to multicultural education. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Banks, J. A. (2015). Failed citizenship, civic engagement, and education. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 51(4), 151–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/00228958.2015.1089616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baubérot, J. (2014). Les 7 laïcités françaises. Paris: Maison des Sciences de l’Homme.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertossi, C. (2011). National models of integration in Europe. American Behavioral Scientist, 55(12), 1561–1580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertossi, C., Duyvendak, D., & Scholten, P. (2015). The coproduction of national models of integration: A view from France and the Netherlands. In P. Scholten, H. Entzinger, R. Penninx, & S. Verbeek (Eds.), Integrating immigrants in Europe. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bidar, A. (2012). Pour une pédagogie de la laïcité à l’école. Paris: La Documentation Française.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blair, T. (2006). The duty to integrate: Shared British values speech by UK prime minister Tony Blair. Available at: http://mercury.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/26685/ipriadoc_doc/a8bc50ed-bf39-443b-a269-49b6bcd681cf/en/1147_blairimmigration.pdf. Accessed 19 July 2016.

  • Bleich, E. (1998). From international ideas to domestic policies: Educational multiculturalism in England and France. Comparative Politics, 31(1), 81–100. https://doi.org/10.2307/422107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blunkett, D. (2002). What does citizenship mean today? Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/15/race.thinktanks. Accessed 19 July 2016.

  • Bowe, R., Ball, S. J., & Gold, A. (1992). Reforming education and changing schools: Case studies in policy sociology. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, J. R. (2007). Why the French don’t like headscarves: Islam, the state, and public space. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, J. R. (2009). Recognising Islam in France after 9/11. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35(3), 439–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830802704608.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. (2006). Speech to the Fabian New Year Conference. Available at: http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=316. Accessed 19 July 2016.

  • Busher, J., Choudhury, T., Thomas, P., & Harris, G. (2017). What the prevent duty means for schools and colleges in England. [online] Coventry, UK: Aziz Foundation, Coventry University, Durham University, University of Huddersfield. Available at: http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/32349/. Accessed 17 November 2017.

  • Chabal, E. (2016). From the to the burkini: The many lives of French republicanism. Modern & Contemporary France, 25(1), 68–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, D. (2011a). PM’s speech at Munich security conference. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pms-speech-at-munich-security-conference. Accessed 19 July 2016.

  • Cameron, D. (2011b). Prime Minister’s King James Bible Speech. [online] GOV.UK. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/prime-ministers-king-james-bible-speech. Accessed 31 July 2019.

  • Cheong, P., Edwards, R., Goulbourne, H., & Solomos, J. (2007). Immigration, social cohesion and social capital: A critical review. Critical Social Policy, 27(1), 24–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018307072206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, L. (2016). Security, extremism and education: Safeguarding or surveillance? British Journal of Educational Studies, 64(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2015.1107022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, L. (2018). Review of educational initiatives in counter-extremism internationally: what works?. Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • DCSF. (2008). Learning together to be safe. London: Department for Children, Schools and Families.

    Google Scholar 

  • Debray, R. (2002). L’enseignement du fait religieux dans l’Ecole laïque. Paris: Ministère de l’éducation nationale.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Villepin, D. (2005). Déclaration de M. Dominique de Villepin, Premier ministre, sur le décret autorisant les préfets à mettre en oeuvre des mesures de couvre-feu, le rétablissement de l’ordre public et sur les mesures prises pour favoriser l’intégration des jeunes dans les banlieues, à l’Assemblée nationale le 8 novembre 2005. - vie-publique.fr. [online] Discours.vie-publique.fr. Available at http://discours.vie-publique.fr/notices/053003032.html. Accessed 30 September 2019.

  • DfCSF. (2007). Guidance on the duty to promote community cohesion. London: Department for Children, Schools and Families.

    Google Scholar 

  • DfE. (2014a). Promoting fundamental British values as part of SMSC in school. London: Department for Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • DfE. (2014b). Improving the spiritual, moral, social and cultural (SMSC) development of pupils: supplementary information. London: Department for Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • DfE. (2015). The prevent duty: Departmental advice for schools and childcare providers. London: Department for Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • DfES. (2007). Curriculum review: Diversity and citizenship. London: Department for Education and Skills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diallo, R., & Baubérot, J. (2015). Comment parler de laïcité aux enfants. Paris: Le Baron perché.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durodie, B. (2016). Securitising education to prevent terrorism or losing direction? British Journal of Educational Studies, 64(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2015.1107023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durpaire, F., & Mabilon-Bonfils, B. (2016). Fatima moins bien notée que Marianne. La Tour d’Aigues: Editions de l’Aube.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eduscol. (2019). Prévenir la radicalisation en milieu scolaire - Prévention de la radicalisation - Éduscol. [online] Available at: https://eduscol.education.fr/cid100811/prevention-radicalisation.html. Accessed 24 July 2019.

  • Farrell, F. (2016). ‘Why all of a sudden do we need to teach fundamental British values?’ A critical investigation of religious education student teacher positioning within a policy discourse of discipline and control. Journal of Education for Teaching, 42(3), 280–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Favell, A. (2001). Philosophies of integration: Immigration and the idea of citizenship in France and Britain (2nd ed.). New York: Palgrave in association with Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gielen, A. (2017). Countering violent extremism: A realist review for assessing what works, for whom, in what circumstances, and how? Terrorism and Political Violence, 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillborn, D. (2008). Racism and education: Coincidence or conspiracy? London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, S. (2014). Immigration and membership politics in Western Europe (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hajjat, A., & Mohammed, M. (2016). Islamophobie (2nd ed.). Paris: La Découverte.

    Google Scholar 

  • HM Government. (2015). Revised prevent duty guidance: For England and Wales. London: HM Government.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmwood, J., & O’Toole, T. (2017). Countering extremism in British schools? (1st ed.). Bristol: Policy Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Joppke, C. (2004). The retreat of multiculturalism in the liberal state: Theory and policy. The British Journal of Sociology, 55(2), 237–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2004.00017.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joppke, C. (2007a). Beyond national models: Civic integration policies for immigrants in western Europe. West European Politics, 30(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380601019613.

  • Joppke, C. (2007b). Transformation of immigrant integration: Civic integration and antidiscrimination in the Netherlands, France, and Germany. World Politics, 59(2), 243–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joppke, C. (2014). The retreat is real-but what is the alternative? Multiculturalism, muscular liberalism, and Islam. Constellations, 21(2), 286–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiwan, D. (2011). ‘National’ citizenship in the UK? Education and naturalization policies in the context of internal division. Ethnicities, 11(3), 269–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laurence, J., & Goodliffe, G. (2013). The French debate on national identity and the Sarkozy presidency: A retrospective. The International Spectator, 48(1), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2012.758914.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Goaziou, V. (2006). La classe politique française et les émeutes: silence et déni. In L. Murcchielli & V. Le Goaziou (Eds.), Quand les banlieues brûlent. Paris: La Découverte.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemaire, E. (2009). Education, integration, and citizenship in France. In J. A. Banks (Ed.), The Routledge international companion to multicultural education. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorcerie, F. (2010). A French approach to minority Islam? A study in normative confusion. Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l’integration et de la migration internationale, 11(1), 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-009-0125-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorcerie, F., & Moignard, B. (2017). L’école, la laïcité et le virage sécuritaire post-attentats: un tableau contrasté. Sociologie, 8(4). [online] Available at: https://journals.openedition.org/sociologie/3391. Accessed 5 October 2018.

  • Mabilon-Bonfils, B., & Zoïa, G. (2014). La laïcité au risque de l’Autre. La Tour d’Aigues: Editions de l’Aube.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mannitz, S. (2004). The place of religion in four civil cultures. In W. Schiffauer, G. Baumann, R. Kastoryano, & S. Vertovec (Eds.), Civil enculturation: Nation-state, school and ethnic difference in the Netherlands, Britain, Germany, and France. New York, NY: Berghahn Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maylor, U. (2016). ‘I’d worry about how to teach it’: British values in English classrooms. Journal of Education for Teaching, 42(3), 314–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGhee, D. (2008). The end of multiculturalism? (1st ed.). Maidenhead: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGhee, D. (2017). Patriots of the Future? A Critical Examination of Community Cohesion Strategies in Contemporary Britain. Sociological Research Online, 10 (3), 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGhee, D., & Zhang, S. (2017). Nurturing resilient future citizens through value consistency vs. the retreat from multiculturalism and securitisation in the promotion of British values in schools in the UK. Citizenship Studies, 21(8), 937–950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meer, N., & Modood, T. (2009). The Multicultural state we’re in: Muslims, “Multiculture” and the “civic re-balancing” of British Multiculturalism. Political Studies, 57(3), 473–497. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2008.00745.x.

  • MEN. (2015a). Grande mobilisation de l’école pour les valeurs de la republique. Paris: Ministère de l’education nationale.

    Google Scholar 

  • MEN. (2015b). Prévenir la radicalisation chez les jeunes. Paris: Ministère de l’education nationale.

    Google Scholar 

  • MEN. (2015c). Livret Laïcité. Paris: Ministère de l’education nationale.

    Google Scholar 

  • MEN. (2018). Prévenir la chez les jeunes. Paris: Ministère de l’education nationale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mondon, A. (2013). Nicolas Sarkozy’s legitimization of the front national: Background and perspectives. Patterns of Prejudice, 47(1), 22–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322x.2012.735128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mouritsen, P. (2008). Political responses to cultural conflict: Reflections on the ambiguities of the civic turn. In P. Mouritsen & K. Jørgensen (Eds.), Constituting communities: Political solutions to cultural conflict. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donnell, A. (2016). Securitisation, counterterrorism and the silencing of dissent: The educational implications of prevent. British Journal of Educational Studies, 64(1), 53–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2015.1121201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ofsted. (2018). School inspection handbook. Manchester: Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services, and Skills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogien, R. (2013). La guerre aux pauvres commence à l’école (1st ed.). Paris: Bernard Grasset.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orange, V. (2017). Construction citoyenne et apprentissage de la laïcité. Les Cahiers du CRIEC, 43, 73–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Toole, T., Meer, N., DeHanas, D. N., Jones, S. H., & Modood, T. (2015). Governing through prevent? Regulation and contested practice in State-Muslim engagement. Sociology, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038514564437.

  • Parry, G. (2003). Citizenship Education: Reproductive & Remedial. In A. Lockyer, B. Crick, & J. Annette (Eds.), Education for Democratic Citizenship: Issues of Theory & Practice (pp. 30–46). Aldershot: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker-Jenkins, M., Glenn, M., & Janmaat, J. G. (2015). Reaching in, reaching out: Faith Schools, community engagement, and 21st-century skills for Intercultural understanding. London, UK: Institute of Education Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pélabay, J. (2017). La République des ‘valuers’: entre public et privé, quel lien citoyen?’. In P. Perrineau & L. Rouban (Eds.), La démocratie de l’entre-soi (1st ed.). Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi, Y. F., & Janmaat, J. G. (2014). Diverging or converging trends: An investigation of education policies concerning the incorporation of ethnic minority children in England, France and Germany. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 44(5), 710–731. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2013.800782.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, P. (2013). Contested citizenship in France. In A. Cole, S. Meunier, & V. Tiberj (Eds.), Developments in French politics 5. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soutphommasane, T. (2012). The virtuous citizen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Straw, J. (2006). I felt uneasy talking to someone I couldn’t see. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/oct/06/politics.uk. Accessed 19 July 2016.

  • Swinford, S. (2015). Schools must teach children that Britain is a Christian country. The Telegraph. [online] Available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/12070607/Schools-must-teach-children-that-Britain-is-a-Christian-country.html. Accessed 25 August 2016.

  • The Economist. (2018). New types of religious state school deepen segregation. [online] Available at: https://www.economist.com/britain/2018/12/01/new-types-of-religious-state-school-deepen-segregation. Accessed 24 July 2019.

  • Thomas, P. (2014). Divorced but still co-habiting? Britain’s prevent/community cohesion policy tension. British Politics, 9(4), 472–493. https://doi.org/10.1057/bp.2014.16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson, S. (2008). Race and education: Policy and politics in Britain. Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tonkens, E., & Duyvendak, J. (2016). Introduction: The culturalization of citizenship. In J. Duyvendak, P. Geschiere, & E. Tonkens (Eds.), The culturalization of citizenship (1st ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallaud-Belkacem, N. (2015). Mobilisons l’École pour les valeurs de la République: Discours de Najat Vallaud-Belkacem en réunion des recteurs. Available at: http://www.education.gouv.fr/cid85394/mobilisons-l-ecole-pour-les-valeurs-de-la-republique-discours-de-najat-vallaud-belkacem.html. Accessed 23 May 2016.

  • Vertovec, S., & Wessendorf, S. (2009). Assessing the backlash against multi culturalism in Europe. Göttingen: MPI for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, C. (2018). Civic virtue and values teaching in a ‘post-secular’ world. Theory and Research in Education, 16(2), 226–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, C. (2019a). Cohesion, citizenship and coherence: schools’ responses to the British values policy. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 40(1), 17–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, C. (2019b). Tea and the Queen? Fundamental British values, schools and citizenship (1st ed.). Bristol: Policy Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wesselhoeft, K. (2017). On the ‘front lines’ of the classroom: Moral education and Muslim students in French state schools. Oxford Review of Education, 43(5), 626–641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jonathan S. James .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

James, J.S., Janmaat, J.G. (2019). Multicultural Race Relations, French Republican Integration, Civic Integration, and Education as National Security. In: Civil Disorder, Domestic Terrorism and Education Policy. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31642-6_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31642-6_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Pivot, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-31641-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-31642-6

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics