Skip to main content

Bladder Cancer

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Oncology in the Precision Medicine Era
  • 783 Accesses

Abstract

Advances in sequencing technology have led to the availability of extensive molecular data which have helped to explain the heterogeneity in the behavior of urothelial cancer of the bladder. The landscape of alterations, from genomic to transcriptomic to epigenetic, is now well described. Several classification schemes based on molecular signatures have been proposed, but await clinical validation before they can influence treatment. We review potential future applications for precision medicine in the management of non-muscle-invasive, muscle-invasive, and advanced/metastatic bladder cancer. In addition, specific molecular alterations for which individual therapeutics are in testing are summarized.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics 2017. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67:7–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Robertson AG, Kim J, Al-Ahmadie H, Bellmunt J, Guo G, Cherniack AD, Hinoue T, et al. Comprehensive molecular characterization of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cell. 2017;171:540–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Iyer G, Al-Ahmadie H, Schultz N, Hanrahan AJ, Ostrovnaya I, Balar AV, Kim PH, Lin O, et al. Prevalence and co-occurrence of actionable genomic alterations in high-grade bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:3133–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Ross JS, Wang K, Khaira D, Ali SM, Fisher HA, Mian B, Nazeer T, Elvin JA, et al. Comprehensive genomic profiling of 295 cases of clinically advanced urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder reveals a high frequency of clinically relevant genomic alterations. Cancer. 2016;122:702–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/organization/ccg/research/structural-genomics/tcga

  6. Hovelson DH, et al. Targeted DNA and RNA sequencing of paired urothelial and squamous bladder cancers reveals discordant genomic and transcriptomic events and unique therapeutic implications. Eur Urol. 2018;74(6):741–53. PMID: 30033047.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Koshkin VS, et al. Transcriptomic and protein analysis of small-cell bladder cancer (SCBC) identifies prognostic biomarkers and DLL3 as a relevant therapeutic target. Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25(1):210–21. PMID 30327311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Agarwal N, Pal SK, Hahn AW, Nussenzveig RH, Pond GR, Gupta SV, et al. Characterization of metastatic urothelial carcinoma via comprehensive genomic profiling of circulating tumor DNA. Cancer. 2018;124:2115–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Barata PC, Koshkin VS, Funchain P, Sohal D, Pritchard A, Klek S, Adamowicz T, et al. Next-generation sequencing of cell-free circulating tumor DNA and tumor tissue in patients with advanced urothelial cancer: a pilot assessment of concordance. Ann Oncol. 2017;28:2458–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Grivas P, Pond GR, Nagy RI, Barata PC, Mendiratta P, Gopalakrishnan D, et al. Association of circulating tumor DNA genomic alterations with outcomes in metastatic urothelial carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2018;15(suppl). abstr 4540.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Pietzak EJ, Bagrodia A, Cha EK, Drill EN, Iyer G, Isharwal S, Ostrovnaya I, Baez P, Li Q, Berger MF, Zehir A, Schultz N, Rosenberg JE, Bajorin DF, Dalbagni G, Al-Ahmadie H, Solit DB, Bochner BH. Next-generation sequencing of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer reveals potential biomarkers and rational therapeutic targets. Eur Urol. 2017;72(6):952–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Kim Y-J, Ha Y-S, Kim S-K, Yoon HY, Lym MS, Kim M-J, Moon S-K, et al. Gene signatures for the prediction of response to Bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy in primary pT1 bladder cancers. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:2131–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Tsirika FD, Avgeris M, Levis PK, Tokas T, Stravodimos K, Scorilas A. miR-221/222 cluster expression improves clinical stratification of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (TaT1) patients’ risk for short-term relapse and progression. Genes Chrom Cancer. 2017;57:150–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Togneri FS, Ward DG, Foster JM, Devall AJ, Wojtowicz P, Alyas S, Vasques FR, et al. Genomic complexity of urothelial bladder cancer revealed in urinary cfDNA. Eur J Hum Gen. 2016;24:1167–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Dahmcke CM, Steven KE, Larsen LK, Poulsen AL, Abdul-Al A, Dahl C, Guldberg P. A prospective blinded evaluation of urine-DNA testing for detection of urothelial bladder carcinoma in patients with gross hematuria. Eur Urol. 2016;70:916–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Roperch J-P, Grandchamp F, Mongiat-Artus P, Ravery V, OUzaid I, Roupret M, et al. Promoter hypermethylation of HS3ST2, SEPTIN9 and SLIT2 combined with FGFR3 mutations was a sensitive/specific urinary assay for diagnosis and surveillance in patients with low or high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. BMC Cancer. 2016;16:704.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Beukers W, van der Keru KA, Kandimalla R, Vergouwe Y, Steyerberg EW, Boormans JL, Jensen JB, et al. FGFR3, ERT and OTX1 as a urinary biomarker combination for surveillance of patients with bladder cancer in a large prospective multicenter study. J Urol. 2017;197:1410–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Mitra AP, Lam LL, Ghadessi M, Erho N, Vergara IA, Alshalalfa M, Buerki C, et al. Discovery and validation of novel expression signature for postcystectomy recurrence in high-risk bladder cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(11):dju290.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Seiler R, Ashab HAD, Erho N, van Rhijn BWG, Winters B, Douglas J, Van Kessel KE, van de Putte EEF, et al. Impact of molecular subtypes in muscle-invasive bladder cancer on predicting response and survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Eur Urol. 2017;72:544–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Cowan NG, Chen Y, Downs TM, Bochner BH, Apolo AB, Porter MP, LaRochelle JC, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy use in bladder cancer: a survey of current practice and opinions. Adv Urol. 2014;2014:746298.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Damrauer JS, Hoadley KA, Chism DD, Fan C, Tiganelli CJ, Wobker SE, Yeh JJ, et al. Intrinsic subtypes of high-grade bladder cancer reflect the hallmarks of breast cancer biology. PNAS. 2014;111:3110–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Sjodahl G, Lauss M, Lovgren K, Chebil G, Gudjonsson S, Veerla S, patschan O, et al. A molecular taxonomy for urothelial carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18:3377. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-0077-T.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Choi W, Porten S, Kim S, willis D, Plimack ER, Hoffman-Censits J, et al. Identification of distinct basal and luminal subtypes of muscle-invasive bladder cancer with different sensitivities to frontline chemotherapy. Cancer Call. 2014;25:152–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Dahdania V, Zhang M, Zhang L, Bondaruk J, Majewski T, Siefker-Radtke A, Guo CC, Dinney C, Cogdell DE, Zhang S, Lee S, Lee JG, Weinstein JN, Baggerly K, McConkey D, Czerniak B. Meta-analysis of the luminal and basal subtypes of bladder cancer and the identification of signature immunohistochemical markers for clinical use. EBioMedicine. 2016;12:105–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Harshman LC, Bepler G, Zheng Z, Higgins JP, Allen GI, Srinivas S. Ribonucleotide reductase subunit 1 expression in resectable muscle-invasive urothelial cancer correlates with survival in younger patients. BJU Int. 2010;106:1805–11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Bepler G, Williams C, Schell MJ, Chen W, Zheng Z, Simon G, Gadgeel S, et al. Randomized international phase III trial of ERCC1 and RRM1 expression-based chemotherapy versus gemcitabine/carboplatin in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:2404–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Lee JK, Havaleshko DM, Cho HJ, Weinstein JN, Kaldjian EP, Karpovich J, Grimshaw A, Theodorescu D. A strategy for predicting the chemosensitivity of human cancers and its application to drug discovery. PNAS. 2007;104:13086–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Flaig TW, Tangen CM, Daneshmand S, Alva AS, Lerner SP, Lucia MS et al. SWOG S1314: a randomized phase II study of coexpression extrapolation (COXEN) with neoadjuvant chemotherapy for localized, muscle-invasive bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(15_supp). abstr 4506.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Aine M, Sjohdal G, Eriksson P, Veerla S, Lindgren D, Ringner M, Hoglund M. Integrative epigenomic analysis of differential DNA methylation in urothelial carcinoma. Genome Med. 2015;7:23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-015-0144-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Shindo T, Niinuma T, Nishiyama N, Shinkai N, Kitajima H, Kai M, Maruyama R, Tokino T, Masumori N, Suzuki H. Epigenetic silencing of miR-200b is associated with cisplatin resistance in bladder cancer. Oncotarget. 2018;9:24457–69.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Liu D, Abbosh P, Keliher D, Reardon B, Miao D, Mouw K, Weiner-Taylor A, Wankowicz S, Han G, Teo MY, Cipolla C, Kim J, Iyer G, Al-Ahmadie H, Dulaimi E, Chen DYT, Alpaugh RK, Hoffman-Censits J, Garraway LA, Getz G, Carter SL, Bellmunt J, Plimack ER, Rosenberg JE, Van Allen EM. Mutational patterns in chemotherapy resistant muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Nat Commun. 2017;8:2193.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Li Q, Damish A, Frazier ZJ, Liu D, Reznichenko E, Kamburov A, Bell A, et al. ERCC2 helicase domain mutations confer nucleotide excision repair deficiency and drive cisplatin sensitivity in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25(3):977–88. PMID: 29980530.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Plimack ER, Dunbrack RL, Brennan TA, Andrake MD, Zhou Y, Serebriiski IG, Slifker M, et al. Defects in DNA repair genes predict response to neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2015;68:959–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Desai NB, Scott SN, Zabor EC, Cha EK, Hreiki J, Sfakianos JP, Ramirez R, et al. Genomic characterization of response to chemoradiation in urothelial bladder cancer. Cancer. 2016;122:3715. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30219.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Joshi M, Vasekar M, Grivas P, Emamekhoo H, Hsu J, Miller VA, Stephens PJ, Ali SM, et al. Relationship of smoking status to genomic profile, chemotherapy response, and clinical outcome in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2016;7:52442–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Yin M, Grivas P, Emamekhoo H, Mediratta P, Ali S, Hsu J, Vasekar M, et al. ATM/RB1 mutations predict shorter overall survival in urothelial cancer. Oncotarget. 2018;9:16891–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Teo MY, Seier K, Ostrovnaya I, Regazzi AM, Kania BE, oran MM, et al. Alterations in DNA damage response and repair genes as potential marker of clinical benefit from PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in advanced urothelial cancers. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36:1685–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Rosenberg JE, Hoffman-Censits J, Powles T, van der Heijden MS, Balar AV, Necchi A, et al. Atezolizumab in patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma who have progressed following treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy: a single-arm, multicenter, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2016;387:1909–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Balar AV, Galsky MD, Rosenberg JE, Powles T, Petrylak DP, Bellmunt J, Loriot Y, et al. Atezolizumab as first-line treatment in cisplatin-ineligible patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a single-arm multicentre phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2017;389:67–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Sharma P, Retz M, Siefker-Radtke A, Baron A, Necchi A, Bedke J, et al. Nivolumab in metastatic urothelial carcinoma after platinum therapy (CheckMate 275): a multicenter, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18:312–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Le D, Uram J, Wang H, Bartlett B, Kemberling H, Eyring A, et al. PD-1 blockade in tumors with mismatch-repair deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2509–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Castro MP, Goldstein N. Mismatch repair deficiency associated with complete remission to combination programmed cell death ligand immune therapy in a patient with sporadic urothelial carcinoma: immunotheranostic considerations. J Immunother Cancer. 2015;3:58.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Teo MY, Bambury RM, Zabor EC, Jordan E, Al-Ahmadie H, Boyd ME, Bouvier N, et al. DNA damage response and repair gene alterations are associated with improved survival in patients with platinum-treated advanced urothelial carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-2520.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Mariathasan S, Turley SJ, Nickles D, Castiglioni A, Yuen K, Wang Y, Kadel EE, et al. TGFb attenuates tumour response to PD-L1 blockade by contributing to exclusion of T cells. Nature. 2018;554:544–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Wang L, Saci A, Szabo PM, Chasalow SD, Castillo-Martin M, Domingo-Domenech J, Siefker-Radtke A, et al. EMT- and stroma-related gene expression and resistance to PD-1 blockade in urothelial cancer. Nat Commun. 2018;9:3503.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. van Dijk N, Funt SA, Blank CU, Powles T, Rosenberg JE, van der Heijden MS. The cancer immunogram as a framework for personalized immunotherapy in urothelial cancer. Eur Urol. 2019;75(3):435–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Joerger M, Cassier P, Penel N, Cathomas R, Richly H, Schostak M, et al. Rogaratinib treatment of patients with advanced urothelial carcinomas prescreened for tumor FGFR mRNA expression. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(6_supp). abstr 494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Loriot Y, Necchi A, Park SH, Garcia-Donas J, Huddart R, Burgess E, et al. Erdafitinib in locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. NEJM. 2019;381:338–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Siefker-Radtke AO, Necchi A, Park SH, Garcia-Donas J, Huddart RA, Burgess EF, et al. First results from the primary analysis population of the phase 2 study of erdafitinib (JNJ-42756493) in patients with metastatic or unresectable urothelial carcinoma and FGFR alterations. J ClinOncol. 2018;36(15_suppl). abstr 4503.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Isaacs R, Chen X, GrausPorta D, Parker K, Yu K, Porter D. Efficacy of BGJ398, a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 1-3 inhibitor, in patients with previously treated advanced urothelial carcinoma with FGFR3 alterations. Cancer Discov. 2018:2159–8290.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Pal SK, Rosenberg JE, Keam B, Wolf J, Berger R, Dittrich C, et al. Efficacy of BGJ398, a fibroblast growth factor receptor 1–3 inhibitor, in patients with previously treated advanced/metastatic urothelial carcinoma with FGFR3 alterations. J Clin Oncol. 2016;15(sup). abstr 4517.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Oudard S, Culine S, Vano Y, Goldwasser F, Theodore C, Nguyen T, Voog E, et al. Multicentre randomized phase II trial of gemcitabine + platinum, with or without trastuzumab, in advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma overexpressing Her2. Eur J Cancer. 2015;51:45–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Hussain MHA, MacVicar GR, Petrylak DP, Dunn RL, Vaishampayan U, Lara PN, et al. Trastuzumab, paclitaxel, carboplatin, and gemcitabine in advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor-2/neu-positive urothelial carcinoma: results of a multicenter phase II national cancer institute trial. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:2218–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Rebouissou S, Bernard-Pierrot I, deReynies A, Lepage M-L, Krucker C, Chapeaublanc E, Herault A, Kamoun A, et al. EGFR as a potential therapeutic target for a subset of muscle-invasive bladder cancers presenting a basal like phenotype. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6:244ra91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Pruthi RS, Nielsen M, Heathcote S, Wallen EM, Rathmell WK, Godley P, Whang Y, et al. A phase II trial of neoadjuvant erlotinib in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy: clinical and pathological results. BJUI. 2010;106:349–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Wong Y-N, Litwin S, Vaughn D, Cohen S, Plimack ER, Lee J, Song W, et al. Phase II trial of cetuximab with or without paclitaxel in patients with advanced urothelial tract carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:3545–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Hussain M, Daignault S, Agarwal N, Grivas PD, Siefker-Radtke AO, Puzanov I, MacVicar GR, Levine EG, et al. A randomized phase 2 trial of gemcitabine/cisplatin with or without cetuximab in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma. Cancer. 2014;120:2684–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Wulfing C, Machiels J-PH, Richel DJ, Grimm M-O, Treiber U, DeGroot MR, et al. A single-arm, multicenter open-label phase 2 study of lapatinib as the second-line treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic transitional cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2009;115:2881–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Powles T, Huddart RA, Elliott T, Sarker S-J, Ackerman C, Jones R, Hussain S, et al. Phase III, double-blind, randomized trial that compared maintenance lapatinib versus placebo after first-line chemotherapy in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 1/ 2 positive metastatic bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015;35:48–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Choudhury NJ, Campanile A, Antic T, Yap KL, Fitzpatrick CA, Wade JL, et al. Afatinib activity in platinum-refractory metastatic urothelial carcinoma in patients with ERBB alterations. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:2165–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Kiss B, Wyatt AW, Douglas J, Skuginna V, Mo F, Anderson S, et al. Her2 alterations in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: patient selection beyond protein expression for targeted therapy. Sci Reports. 2017;7:42713.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Bolenz C, Lotan Y, Ashfaq R, Shariat SF. Estrogen and progesterone hormonal receptor expression in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol. 2009;56:1093–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Boorjian S, Ugras S, Mongan NP, Gudas LJ, You X, Tickoo SK, Scherr DS. Androgen receptor expression is inversely correlated with pathologic tumor stage in bladder cancer. Urology. 2004;64:383–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Choi W, Ochoa A, McConkey DJ, Aine M, Hoglund M, Kim WY, Real FX, et al. Genetic alterations in the molecular subtypes of bladder cancer: illustration in the cancer genome atlas dataset. Eur Urol. 2017;72:354–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Miyamoto H, Yao JL, Chaux A, Zheng Y, Hsu I, Izumi K, Chang C, Messing EM, Netto GJ, Yeh S. Expression of androgen and oestrogen receptors and its prognostic significance in urothelial neoplasm of the urinary bladder. BJU Int. 2012;109:1716–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Hoffman KL, Lerner SP, Smith CL. Raloxifene inhibits growth of RT4 urothelial carcinoma cells via estrogen receptor-dependent induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation. Horm Cancer. 2013;4:24–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Sonpavde G, Okuno N, Weiss H, Yu J, Shen SS, Younes M, Jian W, Lerner SP, Smith CL. Efficacy of selective estrogen receptor modulators in nude mice bearing human transitional cell carcinoma. Urology. 2007;69:1221–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Kashiwagi E, Ide H, Inoue S, Kawahara T, Zheng Y, Reis LO, Baras AS, Miyamoto H. Androgen receptor activity modulates responses to cisplatin treatment in bladder cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7:49169–79.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Kawahara T, Shareef HK, Aljarah AK, Ide H, Li Y, Kashiwagi E, Netto GJ, Zheng Y, Miyamoto H. ELK1 is up-regulated by androgen in bladder cancer cells and promotes tumor progression. Oncotarget. 2015;6:29860–76.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Platt FM, Hurst CD, Tayler CF, et al. Spectrum of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway gene alterations in bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:6008–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Lopez-Knowles E, Hernandez S, Malats N, et al. PIK3CA mutations are an early genetic alteration associated with FGFR3 mutations in superficial papillary bladder tumors. Cancer Res. 2006;66:7401–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Knowles MA, Platt FM, Ross RL, et al. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway activation in bladder cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2009;28:305–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Gerullis H, Eimer C, Ecke TH, Georgas E, Freitas C, Kastenholz S, Arndt C, Heusch C, Otto T. A phase II trial of temsirolimus in second-line metastatic urothelial cancer. Med Oncol. 2012;29:2870–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Pulido M, Roubaud G, Cazeau AL, Mahammedi H, Vedrine L, Joly F, Mourey L, Pfister C, et al. Safety and efficacy of temsirolimus as second line treatment for patients with recurrent bladder cancer. BMC Cancer. 2018;18:194.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Iyer G, Hanrahan AJ, Milowsky MI, Al-Ahmadie H, Scott SN, Janakiraman M, Pirun M, Sander C, Socci ND, et al. Genome sequencing identifies a basis for everolimus sensitivity. Science. 2012;338:221.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Abida W, Milowsky MI, Ostrovnaya I, Gerst SR, Rosenberg JE, Voss MH, Apolo AB, Regazzi AM, McCoy AS, Boyd ME, Bajorin DF. Phase I study of everolimus in combination with gemcitabine and split-dose cisplatin in advanced urothelial carcinoma. Bladder Cancer. 2016;2:111–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Liu D, Plimack ER, Hoffman-Censits J, Garraway L, Bellmunt J, Van Allen E, Rosenberg JE, et al. Clinical validation of chemotherapy response biomarker ERCC2 in muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2016;2:1094–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tanya Dorff .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Dorff, T., Grivas, P. (2020). Bladder Cancer. In: Salgia, R. (eds) Oncology in the Precision Medicine Era. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31471-2_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31471-2_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-31470-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-31471-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics