Abstract
Face alignment, a challenging task in computer vision, has witnessed its tremendous improvement on the 300W benchmark. However, state-of-the-art algorithms are suffering from computational expense and therefore cannot apply in real-time. In this paper, we propose a time-efficient face alignment algorithm while maintain a sufficient algorithmic accuracy. Specifically, we adopt MobileNet-V2 as our backbone architecture to deal with easy samples, accompanied by a ResNet branch to handle hard examples. This combination leads to a low-latency and yet agreeable-performance design as our extensive experiment shows.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Wang, M., Deng, W.: Deep face recognition: a survey. CoRR abs/1804.06655 (2018)
Hassner, T., Harel, S., Paz, E., Enbar, R.: Effective face frontalization in unconstrained images. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 4295–4304 (2015)
Li, S., Deng, W.: Deep facial expression recognition: a survey. CoRR abs/1804.08348 (2018)
Dou, P., Shah, S.K., Kakadiaris, I.A.: End-to-end 3D face reconstruction with deep neural networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 5908–5917 (2017)
Sandler, M., Howard, A., Zhu, M., Zhmoginov, A., Chen, L.C.: MobileNetV2: inverted residuals and linear bottlenecks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 4510–4520 (2018)
He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., Sun, J.: Deep residual learning for image recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 770–778 (2016)
Cootes, T.F., Taylor, C.J., Cooper, D.H., Graham, J.: Active shape models-their training and application. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 61(1), 38–59 (1995)
Cootes, T.F., Edwards, G.J., Taylor, C.J.: Active appearance models. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 6, 681–685 (2001)
Cristinacce, D., Cootes, T.F.: Feature detection and tracking with constrained local models. In: BMVC, vol. 1, p. 3. Citeseer (2006)
Dollár, P., Welinder, P., Perona, P.: Cascaded pose regression. In: 2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 1078–1085. IEEE (2010)
Sun, Y., Wang, X., Tang, X.: Deep convolutional network cascade for facial point detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 3476–3483 (2013)
Zhou, E., Fan, H., Cao, Z., Jiang, Y., Yin, Q.: Extensive facial landmark localization with coarse-to-fine convolutional network cascade. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops, pp. 386–391 (2013)
Kowalski, M., Naruniec, J., Trzcinski, T.: Deep alignment network: a convolutional neural network for robust face alignment. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, pp. 88–97 (2017)
Zhang, K., Zhang, Z., Li, Z., Qiao, Y.: Joint face detection and alignment using multitask cascaded convolutional networks. IEEE Signal Process. Lett. 23(10), 1499–1503 (2016)
Zhang, Z., Luo, P., Loy, C.C., Tang, X.: Facial landmark detection by deep multi-task learning. In: Fleet, D., Pajdla, T., Schiele, B., Tuytelaars, T. (eds.) ECCV 2014. LNCS, vol. 8694, pp. 94–108. Springer, Cham (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10599-4_7
Yang, H., Mou, W., Zhang, Y., Patras, I., Gunes, H., Robinson, P.: Face alignment assisted by head pose estimation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1507.03148 (2015)
Guo, X., et al.: PFLD: a practical facial landmark detector. arXiv preprint arXiv:1902.10859 (2019)
Trigeorgis, G., Snape, P., Nicolaou, M.A., Antonakos, E., Zafeiriou, S.: Mnemonic descent method: a recurrent process applied for end-to-end face alignment. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 4177–4187 (2016)
Wu, W., Qian, C., Yang, S., Wang, Q., Cai, Y., Zhou, Q.: Look at boundary: a boundary-aware face alignment algorithm. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 2129–2138 (2018)
Deng, J., Trigeorgis, G., Zhou, Y., Zafeiriou, S.: Joint multi-view face alignment in the wild. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 28(7), 3636–3648 (2019)
Feng, Z.H., Kittler, J., Awais, M., Huber, P., Wu, X.J.: Wing loss for robust facial landmark localisation with convolutional neural networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 2235–2245 (2018)
Wang, X., Bo, L., Fuxin, L.: Adaptive wing loss for robust face alignment via heatmap regression. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.07399 (2019)
Iqbal, H.: HarIsiqbal88/PlotNeuralNet v1.0.0, December 2018
Ruiz, N., Chong, E., Rehg, J.M.: Fine-grained head pose estimation without keypoints. In: The IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops, June 2018
Sagonas, C., Tzimiropoulos, G., Zafeiriou, S., Pantic, M.: 300 faces in-the-wild challenge: the first facial landmark localization challenge. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops, pp. 397–403 (2013)
Paszke, A., et al.: Automatic differentiation in PyTorch. In: NIPS-W (2017)
Cao, X., Wei, Y., Wen, F., Sun, J.: Face alignment by explicit shape regression. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 107(2), 177–190 (2014)
Xiong, X., De la Torre, F.: Supervised descent method and its applications to face alignment. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 532–539 (2013)
Zhu, S., Li, C., Change Loy, C., Tang, X.: Face alignment by coarse-to-fine shape searching. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 4998–5006 (2015)
Dong, X., Yan, Y., Ouyang, W., Yang, Y.: Style aggregated network for facial landmark detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 379–388 (2018)
Acknowledgments
This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 61573068 and 61871052.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Huang, X., Deng, W. (2019). AdaptiveNet: Toward an Efficient Face Alignment Algorithm. In: Sun, Z., He, R., Feng, J., Shan, S., Guo, Z. (eds) Biometric Recognition. CCBR 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11818. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31456-9_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31456-9_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-31455-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-31456-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)