Adventures in Cyber-Culture

Kramer, Reinhold

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30569-7_5

Reinhold Kramer²

273 Accesses

Abstract

Kramer treats cyber-culture as a signal case of postmodernity, contending that the Internet’s visual simulations—despite astounding gains in pluralism, creativity, and information—weaken memory and literacy, crowd out reasoned analysis, give only the illusion of multi-tasking, undermine human connections (not least via Facebook and texting), and place emphasis on the “now” at the expense of a full engagement with the past. Increased democracy via the Internet’s decentralized popular expressions (in phenomena such as #MeToo) has been counterbalanced by features (such as cyber-balkanization and slacktivism) that inhibit democracy. The overall effect for better and worse, Kramer argues, is the creation of a layered reality, a very postmodern development.

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Notes

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70.
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71.
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79.
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81.
This doesn’t include listening to music or making phone calls. Alter, 14–16.
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96.
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Cited in Alter, 39–40.
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108.
Pew, “Who uses social media,” “Social Media.” This represents a significant increase since 2010, especially for Boomers (Pew, “Millennials,” 25).
109.
Quoted in McGonigal, 166.
110.
Meeker, 2018, slide 187.
111.
Twenge and Campbell, 112.
112.
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114.
Facebook Newsroom, “Company Info,” https://newsroom.fb.com/company-info/, accessed 3 July 2019.
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123.
Kross and Verduyn.
124.
The effect is based in “people’s perceptions of social isolation” rather than in any objective measure (Kross and Verduyn).
125.
Twenge, iGen, 4, 87.
126.
Putnam, 261, 263; Twenge, Me, 157, 213; iGen 110, 87–8. Canadian statistics can be seen at Statistics Canada, “Description for Chart 6: Age-specific mortality with suicide and accident rates, per 100,000, ages 15 to 19, Canada, 1974 to 2009,” http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-624-x/2012001/article/desc/11696-06-desc-eng.htm, and “Description for Chart 8: Divorce and suicide rates, per 100,000, Canada, 1950 to 2008,” http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-624-x/2012001/article/desc/11696-08-desc-eng.htm.
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128.
Susan Pinker, Village, 172; Putnam, 234–5; Twenge, iGen, 3, 292, 114–15. The best correlation with happiness appears when people engage in one hour or less of screen time per day. No screen time and two hours per day are about equal in their correlation to happiness, and then unhappiness rises with every additional hour of screen time (Twenge, iGen, 85). Steven Pinker, using a much wider historical lens, notes that suicide rates are presently much lower than in the early 1900s and during the Depression, so that while suicide rates are presently fluctuating, they are falling over the long term (Pinker, Enlightenment, 278–80), but that doesn’t eliminate social media and smartphones from consideration as possible causes for the recent increases . As well, Pinker is skeptical about the rise of depression, arguing that Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) criteria for mental illnesses have been getting more and more sensitive to smaller and smaller symptoms (Pinker, Enlightenment, 280–3). His argument may have merit in terms of diagnosis of clinical depression, but it has little to say about people’s reports of unhappiness and loneliness.
129.
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138.
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139.
Mangen and Kuiken. Gatehouse, 47. The empathy difference wasn’t evident when the participants read a fiction story, but there may have been a number of reasons for this, including the unusualness of the format (stapled booklet rather than book) and the way that the instructions may have led the participants to consider that the story’s reality was primarily what they should consider. Most importantly, Suzanne Keen has shown that empathy arises less out of mere reading than out of subsequent discussions of the text (Keen, 146, 166).
140.
See Benedict Anderson.
141.
Pinker, Better, 169–76, 292, 477–8. Keen, 109. Film can be an empathy technology too, though the effect can be weakened in popular film (as in popular literature) when spectacle is emphasized .
142.
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143.
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144.
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147.
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149.
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150.
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151.
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152.
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153.
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154.
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155.
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157.
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161.
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162.
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163.
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164.
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165.
Only 35% of Millennials agreed that the new technologies increase isolation, compared to 36% of Generation Xers, 42% of Boomers, and 44% of the Silent Generation (Pew, “Millennials,” 26).
166.
David Williams, Milton’s, 6–7.
167.
Tapscott and Williams, quoted in Morozov, Save, 46.
168.
Morozov, Save, 46.
169.
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170.
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171.
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175.
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176.
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181.
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Hertz.
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The example is from YouTube, 3 August 2016.
184.
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185.
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186.
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187.
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188.
Emily Shugerman, “Russian bots retweeted Donald Trump 10 times more than Hillary Clinton in the last weeks of the campaign,” The Independent, 28 January 2018, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-russia-twitter-bots-automated-accounts-congress-russia-investigation-latest-a8182626.html.
189.
Vosoughi, Roy, and Aral. The authors found that humans retweeted false stories as often as bots did.
190.
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191.
Alexis Madrigal, “The Case Against Retweets,” The Atlantic, April 2018, 17.
192.
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193.
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194.
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195.
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196.
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197.
According to Wikipedia.
198.
Tory Shepherd, “Remember Kony 2012? Well, it’s 2013. What happened?” Herald Sun (Australia), 11 January 2013, accessed 5 April 2013, http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/world/remember-kony-2012-well-its-2013-what-happened/story-fnd134gw-1226550575923. See also Invisible Children, “Highlights from FY2012,” http://webinvisible.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/themes/invisiblechildren2.0/images/financials/forms/2012/highlights.pdf, accessed 27 April 2016.
199.
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200.
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201.
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203.
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204.
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205.
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207.
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208.
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210.
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211.
Debord 16 (#30). Best and Kellner, Turn, 90.
212.
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213.
Mark Poster in Baudrillard, Selected, 7–8.
214.
Best and Kellner, Turn, 96–100, 105. For Debord, in contrast, “no object is fully opaque or inscrutable” (Best and Kellner, Turn, 112). However, Debord also claims that, “The point is to actually participate in the community of dialogue and the game with time that up till now have merely been represented by poetic and artistic works” (Debord, 103 (#187). This suggests that he doesn’t really trust art at all. Yet it is precisely the non-real, spectacle aspect of art that, since the Pleistocene, has been the greatest tool in human adaptation to the world. Although Debord makes a valid distinction between spectacle and existence, he seems to ask (impossibly, given human neural adaptations) for a world devoid of spectacle. This call for a revolution against human image-making is the opposite of Baudrillard’s quietism .
215.
Grodal, Moving, 36–7.
216.
David Williams, Imagined, 250.
217.
Baudrillard, Selected, 189.
218.
Young, 8, 54, 33, 36. See also “Nicholas Felton,” http://feltron.com/.
219.
Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library, 83.
220.
Young, 36.
221.
Young, 100.
222.
Andrejevic, 148.
223.
Morozov, Save, 257–8.
224.
“AUBMC doctors conduct first virtually-augmented surgery in the region and third outside the US,” American University of Beirut News, 22 April 2014, http://www.aub.edu.lb/news/2014/Pages/aubmc-gsf.aspx.
225.
Alter, 44–5.
226.
Andrejevic, 148.
227.
Franzen, Purity, 513.
228.
de Waal, Bonobo, 204.
229.
The Gregory brothers, “The Bed Intruder Song,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hMtZfW2z9dw, accessed 22 April 2016. See also “Antoine Dodson,” Wikipedia. Andy Carvin, “‘Bed Intruder’ Meme: A Perfect Storm of Race, Music, Comedy And Celebrity,” NPR, 5 August 2010. Thanks to Carissa Taylor for drawing this to my attention.
230.
Mitchell Peters, “Gregory Brothers Take Antoine Dodson to Hot 100,” Billboard, 19 August 2010, http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/956772/gregory-brothers-take-antoine-dodson-to-the-hot-100. “Bed Intruder” Singer Moves Family into New Home,” US Weekly, 16 September 2010, http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/bed-intruder-singer-moves-family-into-new-home-2010169.
231.
The Gregory brothers, “Songify This – Winning – a song by Charlie Sheen,” 7 March 2011, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QS0q3mGPGg, accessed 22 April 2016.
232.
James Vincent, “Watch Jordan Peele use AI to make Barack Obama deliver a PSA about fake news, The Verge, 17 April 2018, https://www.theverge.com/tldr/2018/4/17/17247334/ai-fake-news-video-barack-obama-jordan-peele-buzzfeed. See also Stephen Maher, “The Year of Fakes,” Maclean’s, January 2019, 12–13.
233.
See, for example, Franklin Foer, “Reality’s End,” The Atlantic, May 2018, 15–17.
234.
Bauerlein, 200.
235.
Small, 66.
236.
Roberts, 1.
237.
Packer, 342.
238.
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239.
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240.
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241.
Peron.
242.
Ed Pilkington, “Life as a drone operator: ‘Ever step on ants and never give it another thought?’” Guardian, 19 November 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/18/life-as-a-drone-pilot-creech-air-force-base-nevada.
243.
Peron.
244.
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245.
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246.
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247.
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248.
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250.
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251.
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253.
The survey was by Pew (Bauerlein, 82).
254.
Shteyngart, Super, 270.
255.
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256.
See Donna Haraway, from A Manifesto for Cyborgs (1985), The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism, 3rd ed., Vincent Leitch, ed., New York, W.W. Norton, 2018, 2045–8. See also David Williams, Imagined, 238.
257.
In his novel Neuromancer (1984), William Gibson correctly predicted that cyberspace would increase corporate power and weaken the public sphere. See David Williams, Imagined, 245.
258.
Twenge, iGen, 59.
259.
Powers, Generosity, 168–170, 159.

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Reinhold Kramer

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Kramer, R. (2019). Adventures in Cyber-Culture. In: Are We Postmodern Yet?. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30569-7_5

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