Abstract
Video-based analysis is one of the most important tools of animal behavior and animal welfare scientists. While automatic analysis systems exist for many species, this problem has not yet been adequately addressed for one of the most studied species in animal science—dogs. In this paper we describe a system developed for analyzing sleeping patterns of kenneled dogs, which may serve as indicator of their welfare. The system combines convolutional neural networks with classical data processing methods, and works with very low quality video from cameras installed in dogs shelters.
Keywords
- Convolutional neural networks
- Animal science
- Animal welfare
- Computer vision
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options






Notes
- 1.
See: https://www.fitbark.com/.
- 2.
See: https://www.whistle.com/.
- 3.
See: https://petpace.com/.
- 4.
The study was approved by the ethical panels of both institutions; protocol numbers: University of Salford Ethical Approval Panel - STR1617-80, CEUA/UFOP (Brazil) - 2017/04.
- 5.
It should be noted that the chosen end-to-end architecture has a drawback of simultaneous detection of the same dog as sleeping and awake due to its detection of two objects (sleeping and awake dog) independently. However, this happens in very rare cases and can be overcome by using a higher confidence level for classification.
References
Arney, D.: What is animal welfare and how is it assessed?. Sustainable Agriculture, p. 311 (2012)
Burghardt, T., Ćalić, J.: Analysing animal behaviour in wildlife videos using face detection and tracking. In: IEE Proceedings-Vision, Image and Signal Processing, vol. 153, no. 3, pp. 305–312 (2006)
Ahrendt, P., Gregersen, T., Karstoft, H.: Development of a real-time computer vision system for tracking loose-housed pigs. Comput. Electron. Agric. 76(2), 169–174 (2011)
Tillett, R., Onyango, C., Marchant, J.: Using model-based image processing to track animal movements. Comput. Electron. Agric. 17(2), 249–261 (1997)
Sergeant, D., Boyle, R., Forbes, M.: Computer visual tracking of poultry. Comput. Electron. Agric. 21(1), 1–18 (1998)
Noldus, L.P., Spink, A.J., Tegelenbosch, R.A.: Computerised video tracking, movement analysis and behaviour recognition in insects. Comput. Electron. Agric. 35(2), 201–227 (2002)
Van de Weerd, H., et al.: Validation of a new system for the automatic registration of behaviour in mice and rats. Behav. Process. 53(1), 11–20 (2001)
Spink, A., Tegelenbosch, R., Buma, M., Noldus, L.: The ethovision video tracking system–a tool for behavioral phenotyping of transgenic mice. Physiol. Behav. 73(5), 731–744 (2001)
Valletta, J.J., Torney, C., Kings, M., Thornton, A., Madden, J.: Applications of machine learning in animal behaviour studies. Anim. Behav. 124, 203–220 (2017)
Palestrini, C., Minero, M., Cannas, S., Rossi, E., Frank, D.: Video analysis of dogs with separation-related behaviors. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 124(1), 61–67 (2010)
Barnard, S., et al.: Quick, accurate, smart: 3D computer vision technology helps assessing confined animals’ behaviour. PloS One 11(7), e0158748 (2016)
Pons, P., Jaen, J., Catala, A.: Assessing machine learning classifiers for the detection of animals’ behavior using depth-based tracking. Expert Syst. Appl. 86, 235–246 (2017)
Mealin, S., Domínguez, I.X., Roberts, D.L.: Semi-supervised classification of static canine postures using the microsoft kinect. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction, p. 16, ACM (2016)
Kaplun, D., et al.: Animal health informatics: towards a generic framework for automatic behavior analysis. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Health Informatics (HEALTHINF 2019) (2019)
Amir, S., Zamansky, A., van der Linden, D.: K9-blyzer-towards video-based automatic analysis of canine behavior. In: Proceedings of Animal-Computer Interaction 2017 (2017)
Alcaidinho, J., Valentin, G., Yoder, N., Tai, S., Mundell, P., Jackson, M.: Assessment of working dog suitability from quantimetric data. In: NordiCHI 2014, Helsinki, Finland, 26–30 Oct 2014. Georgia Institute of Technology (2014)
Alcaidinho, J., et al.: Leveraging mobile technology to increase the permanent adoption of shelter dogs. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, pp. 463–469. ACM (2015)
Zamansky, A., van der Linden, D., Hadar, I., Bleuer-Elsner, S.: Log my dog: perceived impact of dog activity tracking. IEEE Computer (2018)
Zamansky, A., van der Linden, D.: Activity trackers for raising guide dogs: challenges and opportunities. IEEE Technol. Soc. 37(4), 62–69 (2018)
van der Linden, D., Zamansky, A., Hadar, I., Craggs, B., Rashid, A.: Buddy’s wearable is not your buddy: privacy implications of pet wearables. In: Forthcoming in IEEE Security and Privacy
Ladha, C., Hammerla, N., Hughes, E., Olivier, P., Ploetz, T.: Dog’s life: wearable activity recognition for dogs. In: Proceedings of the 2013 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, pp. 415–418. ACM (2013)
Brugarolas, R., Loftin, R.T., Yang, P., Roberts, D.L., Sherman, B., Bozkurt, A.: Behavior recognition based on machine learning algorithms for a wireless canine machine interface. In: 2013 IEEE International Conference on Body Sensor Networks (BSN), pp. 1–5. IEEE (2013)
Gerencsér, L., Vásárhelyi, G., Nagy, M., Vicsek, T., Miklósi, A.: Identification of behaviour in freely moving dogs (canis familiaris) using inertial sensors. PloS One 8(10), e77814 (2013)
Everingham, M., Eslami, S.A., Van Gool, L., Williams, C.K., Winn, J., Zisserman, A.: The pascal visual object classes challenge: a retrospective. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 111(1), 98–136 (2015)
Huang, J., et al.: Speed/accuracy trade-offs for modern convolutional object detectors. CoRR, vol. abs/1611.10012 (2016)
Lin, T., et al.: Microsoft COCO: common objects in context. CoRR, vol. abs/1405.0312 (2014)
Howard, A.G., et al.: Mobilenets: efficient convolutional neural networks for mobile vision applications. CoRR, vol. abs/1704.04861 (2017)
He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., Sun, J.: Deep residual learning for image recognition. CoRR, vol. abs/1512.03385 (2015)
Dawkins, M.: Using behaviour to assess animal welfare. Anim. Welf. 13(1), 3–7 (2004)
Acknowledgement
This work has been supported by the NVIDIA GPU grant program.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Zamansky, A. et al. (2019). Analysis of Dogs’ Sleep Patterns Using Convolutional Neural Networks. In: Tetko, I., Kůrková, V., Karpov, P., Theis, F. (eds) Artificial Neural Networks and Machine Learning – ICANN 2019: Image Processing. ICANN 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11729. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30508-6_38
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30508-6_38
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-30507-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-30508-6
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)