Abstract
In recent years, increasing evidence of the positive impact of Virtual Reality (VR) on neurofeedback training has emerged. The immersive properties of VR training scenarios have been shown to facilitate neurofeedback learning while leading to cognitive enhancements such as increased working memory performance. However, in the design of an immersive VR environment, there are several covariates that can influence the level of immersion. To date, the specific factors which contribute to the improvement of neurofeedback performance have not yet been clarified. This research aims to investigate the effects of vividness in a Cave automatic virtual environment (CAVE-VR) on neurofeedback training outcome, and to assess the effect on working memory performance. To achieve this, we recruited 21 participants, exposed to neurofeedback training inside a CAVE-VR environment. Participants were divided into three experimental groups, each of which received feedback in a different neurofeedback training scenario with increasing level of vividness (i.e., low, medium, high) while also assessing the effect of neurofeedback on working memory performance. Current findings show that highly vivid feedback in CAVE-VR results in increased neurofeedback performance. In addition, highly vivid training scenarios had a positive effect on user’s motivation, concentration, and reduced boredom. Finally, current results corroborate the efficacy of the neurofeedback enhancement protocol in CAVE-VR for improving working memory performance.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aben B, Stapert S, Blokland A (2012) Front Psychol 3. ISSN1664-1078. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00301. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3425965/
Aeschbach D, Postolache TT, Sher L, Matthews JR, Jackson MA, Wehr TA (2001) Neuroscience 102(3), 493–502. ISSN 0306-4522. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(00)00518-2. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452200005182
Baddeley A (1992) Science 255(5044), 556–559. ISSN 0036-8075. 1095–9203. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1736359. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/255/5044/556
Bailenson JN, Yee N, Blascovich J, Beall AC, Lundblad N, Jin M (2008) J Learn Sci 17(1):102–141
Berger AM, Davelaar EJ (2018) Neuroscience 378:189–197. ISSN 0306–4522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.007. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452217304050
Berger H (1933) p 555. ISSN 1433-8491 (Electronic) 0940-1334 (Linking). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01814320
Bucho T, Caetano G, Vourvopoulos A, Accoto F, Esteves I, Badia SBU, Rosa A CD, Figueiredo P (2019) Comparison of visual and auditory modalities for upper-alpha EEG-neurofeedback. Berlin, Germany. ISBN 978-1-5386-1311-5
Cho B-H, Ku J, Jang DP, Kim S, Lee YH, Kim IY, Lee JH, Kim SI (2002) Cyberpsychol Behav 5(2), 129–137. ISSN 1094-9313. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493102753770516. https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/109493102753770516
Choi HJ, Lee DY, Seo EH, Jo MK, Sohn BK, Choe YM, Byun MS, Kim JW, Kim SG, Yoon JC, Jhoo JH, Kim KW, Woo JI (2014) Psychiatry Invest 11(1), 39–43. ISSN 1738–3684. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2014.11.1.39. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3942550/
Dingler T, Agroudy PE, Le HV, Schmidt A, Niforatos E, Bexheti A, Langheinrich M (2016) IEEE MultiMedia 23(2):4–11 (2016). ISSN 1070–986X. https://doi.org/10.1109/MMUL.2016.31
Enriquez-Geppert S, Huster RJ, Herrmann CS (2013) Int J Psychophysiol 88(1), 1–16. ISSN 0167-8760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.02.001. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167876013000330
Enriquez-Geppert S, Huster RJ, Herrmann CS (2017) Front Hum Eurosci 11. ISSN 1662–5161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00051. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00051/full
Escolano C, Aguilar M, Minguez J (2011) EEG-based upper alpha neurofeedback training improves working memory performance. In: 2011 annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society, pp 2327–2330. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2011.6090651
Freina L, Canessa A (2015) Immersive vs Desktop virtual reality in game based learning
Gonçalves A, Bermúdez S (2018) In: Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, vol 2 (EICS):10:1–10:15. ISSN 2573-0142. https://doi.org/10.1145/3229092. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3229092
Gruzelier J, Egner T (2005) Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 14(1):83–104
Gruzelier J, Inoue A, Smart R, Steed A, Steffert T (2010) Neurosci Lett 480(2), 112–116. ISSN 0304-3940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.019. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394010007524
Gruzelier JH (2014) Neurosci Biobehav Rev 44:124–141. ISSN 0149-7634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.09.015. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763413002248
Halder S, Varkuti B, Bogdan M, Kübler A, Rosenstiel W, Sitaram R, Birbaumer N (2013) Front Hum Neurosci 7. ISSN 1662-5161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00105. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3613602/
Hanslmayr S, Sauseng P, Doppelmayr M, Schabus M, Klimesch W (2005) Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 30(1), 1–10. ISSN 1573-3270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-005-2169-8
Hart SG, Staveland LE (1988) Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index):results of empirical and theoretical research. In: Hancock PA, Meshkati N (eds) Advances in psychology, vol 52 of human mental workload. North-Holland, pp 139–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4115(08)62386-9. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166411508623869
Heinrich H, Gevensleben H, Strehl U (2007) J Child Psychol Psychiatry 48(1), 3–16. ISSN 1469-7610. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01665.x. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01665.x
Hsueh J-J, Chen T-S, Chen J-J, Shaw F-Z (2016) Hum Brain Mapp, 37 (7):2662–2675. ISSN 1097-0193. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23201
Hubbard R, Sipolins A, Zhou L (2017) Enhancing learning through virtual reality and neurofeedback: a first step. In: Proceedings of the seventh international learning analytics & knowledge conference, LAK’17, New York, NY, USA. ACM, pp 398–403. ISBN 978-1-4503-4870-6. https://doi.org/10.1145/3027385.3027390. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3027385.3027390
Kleih SC, Kübler A (2013) Front Hum Neurosci 7. ISSN 1662-5161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00642. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3797970/
Kleih SC, Nijboer F, Halder S, Kübler A (2010) Clin Neurophysiol 121(7), 1023–1031. ISSN 1388-2457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2010.01.034. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1388245710000775
Kober SE, Witte M, Ninaus M, Neuper C, Wood G (2013) Front Hum Neurosci 7. ISSN 1662-5161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00695. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3798979/
Kober SE, Reichert JL, Schweiger D, Neuper C, Wood G (2016) Effects of a 3d virtual reality neurofeedback scenario on user experience and performance in stroke patients. In: Bottino R, Jeuring J, Veltkamp RC (eds) Games and learning alliance, lecture notes in computer science. Springer International Publishing, pp 83–94. ISBN 978-3-319-50182-6
Kober SE, Reichert JL, Schweiger D, Neuper C, Wood G (2017). Does feedback design matter? a neurofeedback study comparing immersive virtual reality and traditional training screens in elderly. Int J Serious Game 4(3). https://doi.org/10.17083/ijsg.v4i3.167
Laufs H, Krakow K, Sterzer P, Eger E, Beyerle A, Salek-Haddadi A, Kleinschmidt A (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(19), 11053–11058. ISSN 0027-8424. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1831638100. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC196925/
Lofthouse N, Arnold LE, Hersch S, Hurt E, DeBeus R (2012) J Atten Disord 16(5), 351–372. ISSN 1087-0547. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054711427530. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054711427530
Ma L, Chang L, Chen X, Zhou R (2017) PLOS ONE 12(3):e0175047. ISSN 1932-6203. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175047. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0175047
Marchiori E, Niforatos E, Preto L (2017) Measuring the media effects of a tourism-related virtual reality experience using biophysical data. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2017. Springer, Berlin, pp 203–215
Marchiori E, Niforatos E, Preto L (2018) Inf Technol Tour 18(1–4):133–155
Marzbani H, Marateb HR, Mansourian M (2016) Basic Clin Neurosci 7(2):143–158. ISSN 2008-126X. https://doi.org/10.15412/J.BCN.03070208. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892319/
Morrison AB, Chein JM (2011) Psychon Bull Rev 18(1), 46–60. ISSN 1531-5320. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-010-0034-0. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-010-0034-0
Nan W, Rodrigues JP, Ma J, Qu X, Wan F, Mak P-I, Mak PU, Vai MI, Rosa A (2012) Int J Psychophysiol 86(1), 83–87. ISSN 0167-8760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.07.182. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167876012005478
Nan W, Wan F, Vai MI, Da Rosa AC (2015) Front Hum Neurosci 9. ISSN 1662-5161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00677. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4685657/
Niforatos E, Palma A, Gluszny R, Vourvopoulos A, Liarokapis F (2020) Would you do it?: enacting moral dilemmas in virtual reality for understanding ethical decision-making. In: Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, pp 1–12
Peper E, Shaffer F (2010) Biofeedback 38(4):142–147
Prime DJ, Jolicoeur P (2009) J Cogn Neurosci 22(11):2437–2446. ISSN 0898-929X. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21337. https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/10.1162/jocn.2009.21337
Renard Y, Lotte F, Gibert G, Congedo M, Maby E, Delannoy V, Bertrand O, LÃlcuyer A (2010) Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ 19(1):3553. ISSN 1054-7460. https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.19.1.35
Robertson GG, Card SK, Mackinlay JD (1993) Computer 26(2):81. ISSN 0018-9162. https://doi.org/10.1109/2.192002
Ros T, Baars BJ, Lanius RA, Vuilleumier P (2014) Front Hum Eurosci 8. ISSN 1662-5161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.01008. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4270171/
Sherman WR, Craig AB (2002) Understanding virtual reality: interface, application, and design. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA. ISBN 978-1-55860-353-0
Slater M, Wilbur S (1997) Presence Teleoperators Virt Environ 6(6), 603–616. ISSN 1054-7460. https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.6.603. https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.6.603
Slater M, Usoh M, Steed A (1994) Presence Teleoperators Virt Environ 3(2), 130–144. ISSN 1054-7460. https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1994.3.2.130. https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1994.3.2.130
Slater M, Khanna P, Mortensen J, Yu I (2009) IEEE Comput Graph Appl 29(3):0272–1716. ISSN 76-84
Subramaniam K, Vinogradov S (2013) Front Hum Neurosci 7. ISSN 1662-5161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00452. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00452/full
Teplan M (2002) Meas Sci Rev 2(2):1–11
Toczek YG (2016) The influence of visual realism on the sense of presence in virtual environments. Thesis, 29 Sep 2016. https://research.tue.nl/en/studentTheses/the-influence-of-visual-realism-on-the-sense-of-presence-in-virtu
Usoh M, Catena E, Arman S, Slater M (2000) Presence Teleoperators Virt Environ 9(5), 497–503. ISSN 1054-7460. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474600566989. https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/10.1162/105474600566989
Vourvopoulos A, Bermúdez i Badia S (2016) J NeuroEng Rehabil 13(1):69. ISSN 1743-0003. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-016-0173-2
Vourvopoulos A, Niforatos E, Hlinka M, Škola F, Liarokapis F (2017) Investigating the effect of user profile during training for BCI-based games. In: 2017 9th international conference on virtual worlds and games for serious applications (VS-Games), pp 117–124. https://doi.org/10.1109/VS-GAMES.2017.8056579
Vourvopoulos A, Niforatos E, Giannakos M (2019a) Eeglass: an eeg-eyeware prototype for ubiquitous brain-computer interaction. In: Adjunct proceedings of the 2019 ACM international joint conference on pervasive and ubiquitous computing and proceedings of the 2019 ACM international symposium on wearable computers, pp 647–652
Vourvopoulos AT, Jorge C, Abreu R, Figueiredo P, Fernandes J-C, Bermúdez i Badia S (2019b) Front Hum Neurosci 13:244
Wan F, Nan W, Vai MI, Rosa A (2014) Front Hum Neurosci 8. ISSN 1662-5161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00500. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00500/full
Wang N, Doube W (2011) How real is really? a perceptually motivated system for quantifying visual realism in digital images. In: 2011 international conference on multimedia and signal processing, vol 2, pp 141–149. https://doi.org/10.1109/CMSP.2011.172
Witte M, Kober SE, Ninaus M, Neuper C, Wood G (2013) Front Hum Neurosci 7. ISSN 1662-5161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00478. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00478/full
Yan N,Wang J, Liu M, Zong L, Jiao Y, Yue J, Lv Y, Yang Q, Lan H, Liu Z (2008). ISSN 1609-0985. http://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/175308
Zimmons P, Panter A (2003) The influence of rendering quality on presence and task performance in a virtual environment. In: IEEE virtual reality, 2003. Proceedings, pp 293–294. https://doi.org/10.1109/VR.2003.1191170.
Zoefel B, Huster RJ, Herrmann CS (2011) NeuroImage 54(2):1427–1431. ISSN 1053-8119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.08.078. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105381191001181X
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Accoto, F. et al. (2021). The Effect of Neurofeedback Training in CAVE-VR for Enhancing Working Memory. In: Dingler, T., Niforatos, E. (eds) Technology-Augmented Perception and Cognition. Human–Computer Interaction Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30457-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30457-7_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-30456-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-30457-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)