Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

The Ginseng Genome pp 1–13Cite as

Introduction of Panax Ginseng (Origin, Distribution, Germplasm, Cultivation and Economics Importance)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 360 Accesses

Part of the book series: Compendium of Plant Genomes ((CPG))

Abstract

Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. is a precious and important medicinal plant, the roots of which have been used medicinally in various Asian countries for centuries, especially in East Asia. It originated in the inland high grounds of the northern cathaysia block as early as the Cretaceous Period. It is the intercontinental disjunction distribution of Panax genus caused by “continental drift” after the completion of the Tertiary continental drift that led to two ginseng plant centers in eastern Asia and eastern North America separately. Studies show that the Panax genus of the two continental plates in the northern hemisphere, though having developed into different species, respectively, have very close kinship. In the eastern Asia center, there developed a central region of Panax genus distribution areas in northeastern China and a sub-variation center in southeastern China due to the special geological climate changes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Asami K (1988) Origin of angiosperms. China Ocean Press, Beijing, pp 161–162. In Chinese

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen SL, Dong LL, Guo QS, Wei JH, Li XW et al (2018) Research of pollution-free and precision cultivation system of Chinese herbal medicines. China J Chin Materia Med 8:1517–1528

    Google Scholar 

  • Coon JT, Ernst E (2002) Panax ginseng: a systematic review of adverse effects and drug interactions. Drug Saf 25(5):323–344

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi H, Kim NH, Lee J, Choi BS, Kim KD, Park JY et al (2013) Evolutionary relationship of Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolius inferred from sequencing and comparative analysis of expressed sequence tags. Genet Resour Crop Evol 60(4):1377–1387

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen S, Luo H, Li Y, Sun Y, Wu Q, Niu Y et al (2011) 454 EST analysis detects genes putatively involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis in Panax ginseng. Plant Cell Rep 30(9):1593–1601

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong L, Xu J, Zhang L, Cheng R, Wei G, Su H et al (2018) Rhizospheric microbial communities are driven by Panax ginseng at different growth stages and biocontrol bacteria alleviates replanting mortality. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 8(2):272–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Fu LG (1992) Chinese plant red book vol 1. Science Press, Beijing, p 176. In Chinese

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein B (1975) Ginseng: its history, dispersion, and folk tradition. Am J Chin Med 3(3):223–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Grushwitsky I (1961) Ginseng: the aspects of biology. Nauka, Leningrad

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillis CN (1997) Panax ginseng pharmacology: a nitric oxide link? ☆. Biochem Pharmacol 54(1):1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim K, Lee S, Lee J, Lee HO, Joh HJ, Kim NH et al (2015) Comprehensive survey of genetic diversity in chloroplast genomes and 45S nrDNAs within Panax ginseng Species. PLOS ONE, 10(6)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim NH, Jayakodi M, Lee SC, Choi BS, Jang W, Lee J et al (2018) Genome and evolution of the shade-requiring medicinal herb Panax ginseng. Plant Biotechnol J 16(11):1904–1917

    Google Scholar 

  • Li SY, Wang S (2008) Brief introduction to the origin, shape, production area, sort and differentiating of wild ginseng. Asia-Pacific Tradit Med 4(1):37–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee C, Wen J (2004) Phylogeny of Panax using chloroplast trnC-trnD intergenic region and the utility of trnC-trnD in interspecific studies of plants. Mol Phylogenet Evol 31(3):894–903

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu C, Xiao P (1992) Recent advances on ginseng research in China. J Ethnopharmacol 36(1):27–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Meng XX, Shen L, Huang LF, Xiong C, Chen SL (2018) Exploring on environmental standard of high quality pollution-free Chinese herbal medicines. Chin J Exp Tradit Med Formulae 23:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma XJ, Wang XQ, Xiao PG, Hong DY (2000) Research progress on domestic ginseng germplasm resources. Chin Pharm J 35(5):289–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Park KJ (2001) Fitness analysis of the forecasting model for the root rot progress of ginseng based on bioassay and soil environmental factors. Res Plant Dis 7:20–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Reunova GD, Kats IL, Muzarok TI, Zhuravlev YN (2010) Polymorphism of RAPD, ISSR and AFLP markers of the Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae) genome. Russ J Genet 46(8):938–947

    Google Scholar 

  • Shi F, Li M, Li Y, Jiang P, Zhang C, Pan Y et al (2015) The impacts of polyploidy, geographic and ecological isolations on the diversification of Panax (Araliaceae). BMC Plant Biol 15(1):297–297

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun C, Li Y, Wu Q, Luo H, Sun Y, Song J et al (2010) De novo sequencing and analysis of the American ginseng root transcriptome using a GS FLX Titanium platform to discover putative genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 11(1):262–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Shen L, Xu J, Dong LL, Li XW, Chen SL (2015) Cropping system and research strategies in Panax ginseng. China J Chin Materia Med 40(17):3367–3373

    Google Scholar 

  • Tao HJ (1986) Famous medical records. People’s Medical Publishing House, Beijing In Chinese

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang R, Dong LL, Xu J, Chen WJ, Li XW, Chen SL (2016) Progress in improvement of continuous monoculture cropping problem in Panax ginseng by controlling soil-borne disease management. China J Chin Materia Med 41(21):3890–3896

    Google Scholar 

  • Wen J, Zimmer EA (1996) Phylogeny and Biogeography of Panax L. (the Ginseng Genus, Araliaceae): inferences from ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Mol Phylogenet Evol 6(2):167–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Zhang QS (1984) Research on the environment of ecological climate and adaptability to cultivated region in Ginseng. Chin J Plant Ecol 8(2)

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu J, Chu Y, Liao B, Xiao S, Yin Q, Bai R et al (2017a) Panax ginseng genome examination for ginsenoside biosynthesis. Giga Sci 6(11):1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu J, Dong LL, Wang R, Niu WH, Zhang NW, Naoki F et al (2017b) Soil improvement promoted micro-ecology of farmlands for ginseng cultivation. China J Chin Materia Med 42(5):875–881

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu J, Shen L, Chen SL, Li G, Li XW, Dong LL, Kondo K (2018) Pollution-free criterion and technical regulations of radix ginseng cultivation in the farmland. Modernization Tradit Chin Med Materia Materia-World Sci Technol 20(07):102–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiao PG, Zhu ZY, Zhang FQ, Zhu WH (1987) Studies of Panax Ginseng and its cultivation. China Agricultural Press, Beijing In Chinese

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang DQ (1981) The cyto-taxonomic studies on some species of Panax L. J Univ Chin Acad Sci 19(3):298–303

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang JX, Tian YX (2004) Medicinal plant cultivation. China Agriculture Press, Beijing In Chinese

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao YH, Gu XH, Wu LJ, You W (2007) Researches on categories, characteristics, and utilization value of cultivated ginseng germplasm resources. Chin Tradit Drug 38(2):294–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhuravlev YN, Koren OG, Reunova GD, Muzarok TI, Gorpenchenko TY, Kats IL, Khrolenko Y (2008) Panax ginseng natural populations: their past, current state and perspectives. Acta Pharmacol Sin 29(9):1127–1136

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao DY, Li Y, Ding WL (2013) Isolation and characteristics of Panax ginseng autotoxin-degrading bacterial strains. China J Chin Materia Med 38(11):1703–1706

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhuravlev YN, Reunova GD, Kats IL, Muzarok TI, Bondar AA (2010) Genetic variability and population structure of endangered Panax ginseng in the Russian Primorye. Chin Med 5(1):21–21

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, P.R. China

    Zhao Lizi

  2. Jilin Agricultural University, No. 2888, Xincheng Avenue, Changchun City, Jilin Province, P.R. China

    Xu Yonghua

Authors
  1. Zhao Lizi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xu Yonghua
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xu Yonghua .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institution of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

    Jiang Xu

  2. Department of Plant Science, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)

    Tae-Jin Yang

  3. Institution of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

    Hao-yu Hu

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Lizi, Z., Yonghua, X. (2021). Introduction of Panax Ginseng (Origin, Distribution, Germplasm, Cultivation and Economics Importance). In: Xu, J., Yang, TJ., Hu, Hy. (eds) The Ginseng Genome. Compendium of Plant Genomes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30347-1_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation