Skip to main content

Introduction: A Gender-Sensitive Analysis of Entrepreneurs’ Work-Life Balance

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Work-Life Balance and Women's Entrepreneurship

Part of the book series: Contributions to Management Science ((MANAGEMENT SC.))

  • 968 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter discusses self-employment as a potential answer to many workplace problems, particularly to balancing work and family roles. Subsequently, the state of the art of research on women’s entrepreneurship and work-life balance is briefly described and the resulting research needs are highlighted. Building on this, the objective, research approach and structure of this work are presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Author’s own formatting.

  2. 2.

    This thesis uses a broad definition of entrepreneurship to include all forms of self-employment and uses the terms ‘entrepreneurship’ and ‘self-employment’ interchangeably.

  3. 3.

    See Chap. 3 for exceptions.

  4. 4.

    Author’s own formatting.

  5. 5.

    The specific meanings of the terms ‘gender’ and ‘sex’ will be explored in Sect. 2.1.1.1.

  6. 6.

    De Bruin et al. (2006, p. 586), referencing Hurley (1991).

  7. 7.

    Brush et al. (2009, p. 9), referencing Schumpeter (1934), Kirzner (1985), Shane (2003), Penrose (1959), Bruno and Tyebjee (1982) and Aldrich (1999).

  8. 8.

    Author’s own formatting.

  9. 9.

    Author’s own formatting.

  10. 10.

    Author’s own formatting.

  11. 11.

    Author’s own formatting.

  12. 12.

    Author’s own formatting.

  13. 13.

    Creswell (2014, p. 6) highlights the following four philosophical worldviews that are widely discussed in the literature: postpositivism, constructivism, transformative and pragmatism.

  14. 14.

    Author’s own formatting.

  15. 15.

    See Sect. 4.1 for the definition of the term ‘expert’ that underlies this thesis. Exemplary experts in the field of women’s entrepreneurship are start-up advisors, representatives of entrepreneurial networks and researchers with focus on women’s entrepreneurship.

  16. 16.

    Crotty (1998, p. 3) defines the term methods as follows: “the techniques or procedures used to gather and analyze data related to some research question or hypothesis.”

References

  • Abendroth, A.-K., & Den Dulk, L. (2011). Support for the work-life balance in Europe: The impact of state, workplace and family support on work-life balance satisfaction. Work Employment and Society, 25(2), 234–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aldrich, H. E. (1999). Organizations evolving. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alsos, G. A., Isaksen, E. J., & Ljunggren, E. (2006). New venture financing and subsequent business growth in men-and women-led businesses. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 667–686.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., & Fugate, M. (2000). All in a day’s work: Boundaries and micro role transitions. Academy of Management Review, 25(3), 472–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, M. (1995). Feminist perspectives on learning for entrepreneurship: The view from small business. In W. D. Bygrave, B. J. Bird, S. Birley, N. C. Churchill, M. G. Hay, R. H. Keeley, & W. E. Wetzel (Eds.), Frontiers of entrepreneurship research (pp. 323–336). Wellesley: Babson College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates, T., Jackson, W. E., & Johnson, J. H. (2007). Introduction: Advancing research on minority entrepreneurship. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 613(1), 10–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, N. G. (1997). Gender, place and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 9(3), 259–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birkner, S., Ettl, K., Welter, F., & Ebbers, I. (2018). Women’s entrepreneurship in Europe: Research facets and educational Foci. In S. Birkner, K. Ettl, F. Welter, & I. Ebbers (Eds.), Entrepreneurship in Europe: Multidimensional research and case study insights. FGF studies in small business and entrepreneurship (pp. 3–13). Cham: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruno, A., & Tyebjee, T. (1982). The environment for entrepreneurship. In C. A. Kent, D. L. Sexton, & K. Vesper (Eds.), The encyclopedia of entrepreneurship (pp. 288–307). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brush, C. G. (1992). Research on women business owners: Past trends, a new perspective and future directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(4), 5–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brush, C. G., De Bruin, A., & Welter, F. (2009). A gender-aware framework for women’s entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 8–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, R. J. (2004). Work and family integration. Equal Opportunities International, 23(1/2), 1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buttner, E. H., & Moore, D. P. (1997). Women’s organizational exodus to entrepreneurship: Self-reported motivations and correlates with success. Journal of Small Business Management, 35(1), 34–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrier, C., Julien, P. A., & Menvielle, W. (2008). Gender in entrepreneurship research: A critical look at the literature. In I. Aaltio, E. Kyro, & E. Sundin (Eds.), Women’s entrepreneurship and social capital. A dialogue and construction (pp. 39–66). Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53(6), 747–770.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, G. (2007). Cleaning and the work-life balance. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(3), 416–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crotty, M. (1998). The foundations of social research. Meaning and perspective in the research process. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, A. E., & Shaver, K. G. (2012). Understanding gendered variations in business growth intentions across the life course. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(3), 495–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Bruin, A., Brush, C. G., & Welter, F. (2006). Introduction to the special issue: Towards building cumulative knowledge on women’s entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 585–593.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Bruin, A., Brush, C. G., & Welter, F. (2007). Advancing a framework for coherent research on women’s entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 323–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eddleston, K. A., & Powell, G. N. (2012). Nurturing entrepreneurs’ work-family balance: A gendered perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(3), 513–541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emslie, C., & Hunt, K. (2009). ‘Live to Work’ or ‘Work to Live’? A qualitative study of gender and work-life balance among men and women in mid-life. Gender, Work & Organization, 16(1), 151–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, E. M., Reuber, A. R., & Dyke, L. S. (1993). A theoretical overview and extension of research on sex, gender, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(2), 151–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleetwood, S. (2007). Re-thinking work-life balance: Editor’s introduction. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(3), 351–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flick, U. (2011b). Introducing research methodology: A beginner’s guide to doing a research project. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grawitch, M. J., Maloney, P. W., Barber, L. K., & Mooshegian, S. E. (2013). Examining the nomological network of satisfaction with work–life balance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(3), 276–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greene, P. G., Brush, C. G., & Gatewood, E. J. (2007). Perspectives on women entrepreneurs: Past findings and new directions. In M. Minniti (Ed.), Entrepreneurship: The engine of growth (pp. 181–204). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, A., & Milner, S. (2009). Editorial: Work-life balance: A matter of choice. Gender, Work & Organization, 16(1), 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, V. K., Turban, D. B., Wasti, S. A., & Sikdar, A. (2009). The role of gender stereotypes in perceptions of entrepreneurs and intentions to become an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(2), 397–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heilbrunn, S., & Davidovitch, L. (2011). Juggling family and business: Work-family conflict of women entrepreneurs in Israel. Journal of Entrepreneurship, 20(1), 127–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henry, C. (2009). Editorial. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 5–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hilbrecht, M., Shaw, S. M., Johnson, L. C., & Andrey, J. (2008). ‘I’m home for the kids’: Contradictory implications for work-life balance of teleworking mothers. Gender, Work & Organization, 15(5), 454–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, K. D., Jennings, J. E., Brush, C., Carter, S., & Welter, F. (2012). Extending women’s entrepreneurship research in new directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(3), 429–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Humbert, A. L., & Drew, E. (2010). Gender, entrepreneurship and motivational factors in an Irish context. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 2(2), 173–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurley, A. (1991). Incorporating feminist theories into sociological theories of entrepreneurship. Paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the Academy of Management, Miami, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, J. E., & McDougald, M. S. (2007). Work-family interface experiences and coping strategies: Implications for entrepreneurship research and practice. Academy of Management Review, 32(3), 747–760.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johansen, V. (2013). Entrepreneurship education and start-up activity: A gender perspective. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 216–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalliath, T., & Brough, P. (2008a). Work-life balance: A review of the meaning of the balance construct. Journal of Management & Organization, 14(3), 323–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkwood, J., & Tootell, B. (2008). Is entrepreneurship the answer to achieving work-family balance? Journal of Management and Organization, 14(3), 285–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirzner, I. (1985). Discovery and the capitalist process. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • König, S., & Cesinger, B. (2015). Gendered work-family conflict in Germany: Do self-employment and flexibility matter. Work, Employment & Society, 29(4), 531–549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuckartz, U. (2016). Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse: Methoden, Praxis, Computerunterstützung. Weinheim: Beltz Juventa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, S., & Cooper, C. (2005). Work-life integration. Case studies of organisational change. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, S., Gambles, R., & Rapoport, R. (2007). The constraints of a ‘work-life balance’ approach: An international perspective. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(3), 360–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loscocco, K. A. (1997). Work-family linkages among self-employed women and men. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50(2), 204–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marlow, S., & Patton, D. (2005). All credit to men? Entrepreneurship, finance, and gender. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(6), 717–735.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, M. N. (1996). Sampling for qualitative research. Family Practice, 13(6), 522–525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mathew, R. V., & Panchanatham, N. (2011). An exploratory study on the work-life balance of women entrepreneurs in South India. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 16(2), 77–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattis, M. C. (2004). Women entrepreneurs: Out from under the glass ceiling. Women in Management Review, 19(3), 154–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Max, S., & Ballereau, V. (2013). Theorizing about gender and entrepreneurship: Bridging the gap with social psychology. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 5(1), 97–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayring, P. (2014). Qualitative content analysis. Theoretical foundation, basic procedures and software solution. Klagenfurt, Austria. Accessed February 10, 2017, from http://files.qualitative-content-analysis.org/200000075-82241831d6/Mayring(2014)QualitativeContentAnalysis.pdf

  • McGowan, P., Redeker, C. L., Cooper, S. Y., & Greenan, K. (2012). Female entrepreneurship and the management of business and domestic roles: Motivations, expectations and realities. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(1–2), 53–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Metzger, G. (2016). KfW-start-up monitor 2016: Labour market greatly lowers appetite for self-employment, innovative founders hold their own. Frankfurt am Main: KfW Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metzger, G. (2017). KfW-start-up monitor 2017: Record employment with side-effects: fewer start-ups than ever. Frankfurt am Main: KfW Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metzger, G. (2018). KfW-start-up monitor 2018: Start-up activity remains in a trough but growth, innovation and digitalisation are gaining importance. Frankfurt am Main: KfW Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD/The European Commission. (2014). The missing entrepreneurs: Policies for inclusive entrepreneurship in Europe. OECD Publishing. Accessed December 30, 2016, from https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264213593-en

  • Parasuraman, S., & Simmers, C. A. (2001). Type of employment, work-family conflict and wellbeing: A comparative study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22(5), 551–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penrose, E. (1959). The theory of growth of the firm. New York, NY: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrons, D. (2003). The new economy and the work-life balance: Conceptual explorations and a case study of new media. Gender, Work & Organization, 10(1), 65–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pradhan, R. K., Jena, L. K., & Kumari, I. G. (2016). Effect of work–life balance on organizational citizenship behaviour: Role of organizational commitment. Global Business Review, 17(3_suppl), 15–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ransome, P. (2007). Conceptualizing boundaries between ‘life’ and ‘work’. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(3), 374–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport, R., Bailyn, L., Fletcher, J. K., & Pruitt, B. H. (2002). Beyond work-family balance: Advancing gender equity and workplace performance. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehman, S., & Azam Roomi, M. (2012). Gender and work-life balance: A phenomenological study of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 19(2), 209–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, J., & Renzulli, L. A. (2005). Economic freedom or self-imposed strife: Work-life conflict, gender, and self-employment. In L. A. Keister (Ed.), Entrepreneurship. Research in the sociology of work (Vol. 15, pp. 33–60). Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schöneck, N. M. (2018). Europeans’ work and life–out of balance? An empirical test of assumptions from the “acceleration debate”. Time & Society, 27(1), 3–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schumpeter, J. (1934). The theory of economic development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, E. B. (1976). Entrepreneurship: A new female frontier. Journal of Contemporary Business, 5(1), 47–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, M. A., Joplin, J. R., & Hsu, Y. S. (2011). Expanding the boundaries of work-family research: A review and agenda for future research. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 11(2), 221–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shane, S. (2003). A general theory of entrepreneurship. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Shelton, L. M. (2006). Female entrepreneurs, work-family conflict, and venture performance: New insights into the work-family interface. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(2), 285–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steffens, M. C., & Viladot, M. A. (2015). Gender at work: A social psychological perspective. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Stoner, C. R., Hartman, R. I., & Arora, R. (1990). Work-home role conflict in female owners of small business: An exploratory study. Journal of Small Business Management, 28(1), 30–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, C., & Smithson, J. (2007). Perspectives of homeworkers and their partners on working flexibility and gender equity. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(3), 448–461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terrell, K., & Troilo, M. (2010). Values and female entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 2(3), 260–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thébaud, S. (2016). Passing up the job: The role of gendered organizations and families in the entrepreneurial career process. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 40(2), 269–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, D., & Birmingham, P. (2003). Using research instruments: A guide for researchers. London: RoutledgeFalmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, F., Kickul, J., & Marlino, D. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions: Implications for entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 387–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Zerwas, C.S. (2019). Introduction: A Gender-Sensitive Analysis of Entrepreneurs’ Work-Life Balance. In: Work-Life Balance and Women's Entrepreneurship. Contributions to Management Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29804-3_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics