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Precipitation Partitioning by Vegetation pp 89–104Cite as

Spatial Variability and Temporal Stability of Local Net Precipitation Patterns

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Abstract

Redistribution of precipitation water by plant canopies increases the spatial variation of net precipitation at the surface, affecting soil moisture patterns, localized preferential flow, and soil biogeochemical processes. This chapter reviews methods for assessing and the current state of knowledge on spatial patterns of the two net precipitation components: throughfall and stemflow. Spatial variation in throughfall is caused by canopy morphology, including creation of rain shadows due to canopy topography and dripping points. Stand scale throughfall is less than above-canopy precipitation (in the absence of fog), however, localized throughfall receipt at the surface ranges widely—from negligible beneath dense canopy areas to 10 times greater than gross precipitation. Coefficients of variation of throughfall (CVT) vary with canopy complexity, event size, and averaging period. In extreme cases, CVT > 1 for single events in regions with complex canopies have been observed, but they decrease to <0.5 when considered over longer periods, and tend to be even lower in large events. Canopies of low complexity and small event sizes also tend to increase throughfall correlation lengths, which can be up to several meters in temperate regions and in leafed conditions. Arguably, the greatest variation in below-canopy precipitation is caused by the local input of stemflow. Local stemflow inputs at the base of individual trees on average exceed rainfall multifold (reaching 100 times), but local stemflow can also be less than rainfall. Stemflow from understory herbaceous plants, shrubs, and croplands can magnify rainfall by >2,500 times. Few studies select trees for stemflow measurement in a randomized fashion and in sufficient number; therefore, spatial CVS between individuals are typically not reported. In the studies available CVT > 1 are common and CVs of stemflow are typically much larger than those of throughfall. Differences between neighboring individuals are substantial, with tree species, tree size (e.g., canopy and stem size, number of branches) and crown architecture being reported as the most important drivers for observed variations. Both throughfall and stemflow contribute to comparatively stable net precipitation patterns over time, potentially much more so in stemflow compared to throughfall. For spatiotemporal patterns of solutes in net precipitation, little is known, and nothing is known about fine-scale patterns in particulates. Data collected to date are near-exclusively measured under overstory trees during rainfall, leaving the precipitation redistribution patterns that actually reach the surface beneath understory plants essentially unknown.

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Acknowledgements

AH and JM were funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) CRC 1076 “AquaDiva” and the state of Thuringia “ProExzellenz” initiative AquaDiv@Jena (107-1). Student support for SAY was provided by the US National Science Foundation (EAR-1518726).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Applied Coastal Research Laboratory, Georgia Southern University, Savannah, GA, USA

    John T. Van Stan II

  2. Department Computational Hydrosystems, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany

    Anke Hildebrandt

  3. Department of Catchment Hydrology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany

    Jan Friesen

  4. Institute of Geoscience, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany

    Johanna C. Metzger

  5. Civil Engineering and Construction Management, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia

    Sandra A. Yankine

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  1. John T. Van Stan II
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  2. Anke Hildebrandt
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  3. Jan Friesen
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  4. Johanna C. Metzger
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  5. Sandra A. Yankine
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Correspondence to Anke Hildebrandt .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Applied Coastal Research Laboratory, Georgia Southern University, Savannah, GA, USA

    John T. Van Stan, II

  2. Research Applications Lab, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA

    Ethan Gutmann

  3. Department of Catchment Hydrology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany

    Jan Friesen

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Van Stan, J.T., Hildebrandt, A., Friesen, J., Metzger, J.C., Yankine, S.A. (2020). Spatial Variability and Temporal Stability of Local Net Precipitation Patterns . In: Van Stan, II, J., Gutmann, E., Friesen, J. (eds) Precipitation Partitioning by Vegetation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29702-2_6

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