Abstract
Chapter 8, which concludes the book, discusses the theoretical, practice and policy implications of this analysis. The changes needed are discussed beginning with the micro-level and moving on to the macro-level, as follows: (1) organisational changes—participatory practice (2) legislative changes—make class an equality and human rights issue (3) policy changes—reduce inequality (4) social movement changes—radicalise the environmental movement and support the environmental working-class (5) political changes—create an eco-social state based on sharing (6) cultural changes—integrate social and environmental justice (7) revolutionary changes—dismantle capitalism.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Action Aid. (2016) Who we Are, Action Aid International. https://www.actionaid.org.uk/.
Alexander, S. (2015) Basic and Maximum Income. In G. D’Alisa, F. Demaria, and G. Kallis (eds.), Degrowth: A Vocabulary for a New Era. London/New York, Routledge.
Andrew, R.M. (2018) Global CO2 emissions from cement production, Earth System Science. Data, 10: 195–217.
Baynes, C. (2019) Ocasio-Cortez delivers devastating address to congress after Republican calls Green New Deal elitist: ‘People are dying’, The Independent, 27 March.
Bell, K. (2011b) Environmental Justice: Lessons from Cuba. PhD. University of Bristol.
Bell, K. (2012) Is socially-just degrowth compatible with capitalism?, Degrowth Conference, Montreal 2012. https://www.degrowth.info/en/catalogue-entry/is-socially-just-degrowth-compatible-with-capitalism/.
Bell, K. (2014) Achieving Environmental Justice. Bristol: Policy Press.
Bell, K. (2016) Green economy or living well? Assessing divergent paradigms for equitable eco-social transition in South Korea and Bolivia. Journal of Political Ecology, 23: 71–92.
Bell, K. (2017) ‘Living Well’ as a path to social, ecological and economic sustainability. Urban Planning, 2(4): 19–33.
Bellamy Foster, J. (2019) John Bellamy Foster on the Green New Deal, Climate and Capitalism, 2nd Feb 2019.
Benn, T. (2007) If we can find the money to kill people, we can find the money to help people. Interview with Michael Moore in the film ‘Sicko’.
Blyth, M. (2013) Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea, Oxford: OUP.
Brawn, E., et al. (2013) The Other Care Crisis: Making Social Care Work for Disabled Adults in England, London.
CAAT. (2014) Arms to Renewables: Work for the Future. https://www.caat.org.uk/campaigns/arms-to-renewables/arms-to-renewables-backgroundbriefing.pdf.
Campaign Against Climate Change. (2010) One Million Climate Jobs. http://www.campaigncc.org/greenjobs/
Clarke, L.M., Gleeson, C., and Sahin-Dikmen, M. (2019) Green Transitions in the Built Environment, University of Westminster, Working Paper 107.
Costanza, R. (2018) Wellbeing Economy, https://wellbeingeconomy.org.
Crawford, C., et al. (2011) Social Mobility: A Literature Review. London: Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/economics-and-statistics/docs/s/11-750-social-mobilityliterature-review.
Davis, A., Hill, K., Hirsch, D., and Padley, M. (2016) A Minimum Income Standard for the UK in 2016. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Dittmar, H. (2007) The Costs of Consumer Culture and the “Cage Within”: The Impact of the Material “Good Life” and “Body Perfect” Ideals on Individuals, Identity and Well-Being, Psychological Inquiry, 18(1): 23–31.
Dominick, R. (1998) Capitalism, communism, and environmental protection - Lessons from the German experience. Environmental History 3(3): 311–332.
Druckman, A., and Jackson, T. (2009) The carbon footprint of UK households 1990–2004: a socio-economically disaggregated, quasi- multiregional input-output model. Ecological Economics. 68 (7): 2066–2077.
Drury, C. (2018) Mark Carney warns robots taking jobs could lead to rise of Marxism, The Independent, 14th April. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/mark-carney-marxism-automation-bank-of-englandgovernor-job-losses-capitalism-a8304706.html.
Due, P. et al. (2009) Socioeconomic inequality in exposure to bullying during adolescence: A comparative, cross-sectional, multilevel study in 35 Countries. American Journal of Public Health, 99(5): 907–914.
Easterlin, R.A. (2013) Happiness, growth and public policy. Economic Inquiry, 51(1): 1–15.
Easterlin, R.A., McVey, L.A., Switek, M., Sawangfa, O., and Zweig, J.S. (2010) The happiness-income paradox revisited. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (52): 22463–22468.
Eckenrode, J., et al. (2014) Income inequality and child maltreatment in the United States. Pediatrics, 133 (3): 454–461.
Elliot, R., and Leonard, C. (2006) Peer pressure and poverty: exploring fashion brands and consumption symbolism among children of the ‘British poor’. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 3(4): 347–359.
Environment Agency. (2017c) Refusal of an application for a permit. Application no. EPR/TP3138DP/A001. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/608608/Avonmouth_IBA_Refusal_notice.pdf.
Environment Agency. (2018) Day Group Limited: environmental permit consultation. https://consult.environment-agency.gov.uk/psc/day-group-avonmouth/consultation/published_select_respondent.
Equality Act. (2010) http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents.
Faber, D. (2008) Capitalizing on Environmental Injustice: The Polluter Industrial Complex in the Age of Globalization. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Farber, H.S., Herbst, D., Kuziemko, I., and Naidu, S. (2018) Unions and Inequality Over the Twentieth Century: New Evidence from Survey Data, NBER Working Paper No. 24587, NBER Program(s): Development of the American Economy, Labor Studies, Political Economy, The National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w24587.
Feeney, B.C., and Collins, N.L. (2015) A New Look at Social Support: A Theoretical Perspective on Thriving Through Relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19(2): 113–147.
Fell, D. (2016) Bad Habits, Hard Choices: Using the Tax System to Make Us Healthier. London: London Publishing Partnership.
Fisher, S. (2013) Our sustainability crisis didn’t start and doesn’t stop at climate change. The Conversation.
Fiske, S.T., Moya, M., Russell, A.M., and Bearns, C. (2012) The secret handshake: Trust in cross-class encounters. In S.T. Fiske and H.R. Markus (eds.), Facing Social Class: How societal rank influences interaction. New York: Russell Sage, pp 234–252.
FoEs. (2017) An Environmental Court or Tribunal for Scotland, Friends of the Earth, Scotland.
Foster, J.B. (2008) Ecology and the Transition from Capitalism to Socialism. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Foster, J.B. (2013) The Epochal Crisis Vol 5 (65). https://monthlyreview.org/2013/10/01/epochal-crisis/.
Frey, C.B., et al. (2017) Technology at Work v3.0 Automating e-Commerce from Click to Pick to Door. Citi GPS: Global Perspectives & Solutions August. https://ir.citi.com/VRwNwIr6xCMPr8cKW9DJ84mVqV0oogAplEDtFSDnMqrArP34dqqVCd1DgSV%2FP%2BFasRK5yg5Ghpc%3D.
Fritsche, I., Moya, M., Bukowski, M., Jugert, P., de Lemus, S., Decker, O., Valor-Segura, I., and Navarro-Carrillo, G. (2017) The great recession and group-based control: Converting personal helplessness into social class ingroup trust and collective action. Journal of Social Issues, 73(1): 117–137.
Gallan, P. (2018) In Dodd, V. Rising crime is symptom of inequality, says senior Met chief, Guardian June 4. https://www.theguardian.com/uknews/2018/jun/14/rising-is-symptom-of-inequality-says-senior-metchief?platform=hootsuite.
Goodman, D.J. (2011) Promoting Diversity and Social Justice: Educating People from Privileged Groups. London: Sage.
Gorelick, S. (2017) Our obsolescent economy, Local Futures. https://www.localfutures.org/our-obsolescent-economy/#_edn5.
Gough, I. (2017) Heat, Greed and Human Need. Climate Change, Capitalism and Sustainable Wellbeing. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Hadler, M. (2005) Why do people accept different income ratios? A multi-level comparison of thirty countries. Acta Sociologica, 48(2):131–154.
Halpern, D., Bates, C., and Beales, G. (2003) Personal Responsibility and Behaviour Change, Strategic Audit Paper, London: Cabinet Office Strategy Unit.
Hampton, P. (2015b) Workers and Trade Unions for Climate Solidarity: Tackling climate change in a neoliberal world. London: Routledge.
Harvey, D. (2006) Spaces of Global Capitalism. London/New York: Verso.
Henriksson, L. (2011) Slutkört. Stockholm: Ordfront.
Hoffman, M. (2017) Change put to work: A degrowth perspective on unsustainable work, postwork alternatives and politics, Master Thesis Series in Environmental Studies and Sustainability Science. http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=8904049&fileOId=8904056.
IMF. (2015) Dabla-Norris, E., Kochhar, K., Suphaphiphat, N., Ricka, F., and Tsounta, E., Causes and consequences of income inequality: A global perspective, International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2015/sdn1513.pdf.
Institute for Global Prosperity. (2017) Social prosperity for the future: A proposal for Universal Basic Services. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/igp/sites/bartlett/files/universal_basic_services_-_the_institute_for_global_prosperity_.pdf.
IPPR. (2018b) Power to the People: How stronger unions can deliver economic justice. https://www.ippr.org/files/2018-06/cej-trade-unions-may18-.pdf.
Jackson, T. (2005) Motivating Sustainable Consumption a review of evidence on consumer behaviour and behavioural change a report to the Sustainable Development Research Network, January 2005. http://www.sustainablelifestyles.ac.uk/sites/default/files/motivating_sc_final.pdf.
Jackson, T. (2006) Beyond The ‘Wellbeing Paradox’: - wellbeing, consumption growth and sustainability. Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey.
Jackson, S. (2011) ‘SIPRI assessment of UK arms export subsidies’, report for Campaign Against Arms Trade, 25 May 2011. bit.ly/1ttzGja.
Jackson, T. (2017) The future of jobs: is decent work for all a pipe dream 15th August 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/aug/15/the-future-of-jobs-is-decent-workfor-all-a-pipe-dream.
Jakobsson, N., Muttarak, R., and Schoyen, M.-A. (2017) Dividing the pie in the eco-social state: Exploring the relationship between public support for environmental and welfare policies. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space. 36 (2): 313–339.
Järvensivu, P., Toivanen, T., Vadén, T., Lähde, V., Majava, A., and Eronen, J. (2018) Invited background document on economic transformation, to chapter: Transformation: The Economy, UN Global Sustainable Development Report 2019. https://bios.fi/bios-governance_of_economic_transition.pdf.
Kaplan, S. (2000) Human Nature and Environmentally Responsible Behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3): 491–508.
Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B.P., Lochner, K., and Prothrow-Stith, D. (1997) Social capital, income inequality, and mortality. American Journal of Public Health, 87(9): 1491–1498.
Klein, N. (2014) This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Kleiner, D. (2016) Universal Basic Income is a neoliberal plot to make you poorer. https://www.opendemocracy.net/neweconomics/universal-basicincome-is-a-neoliberal-plot-to-make-you-poorer/.
Laville, S. (2019) Ella Kissi-Debrah: new inquest granted into ‘air pollution’ death, 2nd May 2019.
Lawn, P., and Clarke, M. (2010) The end of economic growth? A contracting threshold hypothesis. Ecological Economics 69: 2213–2223.
Legatum Institute and Populus. (2017) https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/oct/01/jeremy-corbyn-nationalisation-plans-voters-tired-freemarkets.
Levin, S., and Gillam, C. (2018) ‘The world is against them’: new era of cancer lawsuits threaten Monsanto. The Guardian, 18th October 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/oct/07/monsanto-trialcancer-appeal-glyphosate-chemical.
Liu, Y., and Keleher, T. (2009) The Green Equity Toolkit: Standards and Strategies for Advancing Race, Gender and Economic Equity in the Green Economy, Applied Research Center. https://www.raceforward.org/system/files/pdf/reports/Green_Toolkit_112009.pdf.
Lowy Institute. (2018) The future of work. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/theinterpreter/future-work.
Manser, R. (1993) Failed Transitions: The Eastern European Economy and Environment Since the Fall of Communism. New York: The New Press.
Mason, P. (2015) Post-Capitalism. London: Allen Lane.
McAdam, D., J.D. McCarthy, et al. (1996) Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Melamed, C.R., and Hartwig, E.A. (2011) Jobs, growth and poverty: what do we know, what don’t we know, what should we know? ODI Background Notes. May 2011.
Meyer, A. (2000) Contraction and Convergence: The Global Solution to Climate Change. Cambridge: Green Books.
MHCLG. (2018) Empty Housing (England). Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government in House of Commons Briefing Paper https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN03012/SN03012.pdf.
Midgley, A. (2017) Unite: Candidate Selections Give Us A Chance To Ensure More Working-class Voices Are Heard in Westminster, Unite. 19th October, 2017.
Miller, M. (1995) The Third World in Global Environmental Politics. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Minnite, L.C., and Fox Piven, F. (2016) Competing Concepts of Class. In M. Shaw and M. Mayo (eds.), Class, Inequality and Community Development. Policy Press: Bristol.
MOE Norway. (2017) Environmental Information Act. https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/environmental-information-act/id173247/.
Monbiot, G. (2017a) How Labour could lead the global economy out of the 20th century, 11th October 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/11/labour-global-economy-planet.
Monbiot, G. (2017b) A lesson from Hurricane Irma: capitalism can’t save the planet – it can only destroy it, Wednesday, 13 September 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/13/hurricane-irmacapitalism-growth-economics-environment-financial-crisis.
Moore, J.W. (2015) Capitalism in the Web of Life: Ecology and the Accumulation of Capital. London: Verso.
MPD. (2016) Ministerio de Planificación del Desarrollo. Economic and social development plan 2016–2020 http://www.planificacion.gob.bo/uploads/PDES_INGLES.pdf.
Newell, P. (2005) Race, Class and the Global Politics of Environmental Inequality. Global Environmental Politics, 5(3): 70–94.
Newman, K. (2016) Reconciling Participation and Power in International development: A Case Study. In M. Shaw and M. Mayo (eds.), Class, Inequality and Community Development. Bristol: Policy Press.
O’Shea, B. (2017) Empty Chair: It’s Time for Workers on Boards, CLASS. http://classonline.org.uk/docs/Empty_Chair_-_Its_Time_for_Workers_on_Boards_2017_Final.pdf.
OECD. (2018b) The Role and Design of Net Wealth Taxes in the OECD. In series: OECD Tax Policy Studies. http://www.oecd.org/ctp/the-role-anddesign-of-net-wealth-taxes-in-the-oecd-9789264290303-en.htm.
Oishi, S., Kesebir, S., and Diener, E. (2011) Income inequality and happiness. Psychological Science, 22(9):1095–1100.
Oxfam. (2013) The cost of inequality: how wealth and income extremes hurt us all. https://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/cost-of-inequalityoxfam-mb180113.pdf.
Pellow, D., and Brulle, R. (eds.). (2005) Power, Justice and the Environment: A Critical Appraisal of the Environmental Justice Movement, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Pickett, K., and Wilkinson, R. (2010) The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Price Waterhouse Cooper. (2018) UK Economic Outlook 2018. https://www.pwc.co.uk/services/economics-policy/insights/uk-economic-outlook.html.
Räthzel, N., and Uzzell, D. (2012) Mending the breach between labour and nature: Environmental engagements of trade unions and the North-South divide. Interface, 4 (2): 81–100.
Räthzel, N., and Uzzell, D. (eds.). (2013) Trade Unions in the Green Economy: Working for the Environment. London: Routledge.
Räthzel, N., Uzzell, D., and Elliott, D. (2010) Can Trade Unions Become Environmental Innovators? Soundings, 46: 76–87.
Raworth, K. (2017) Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing.
Rifkin, J. (2010) The Empathic Civilization. https://www.ted.com/talks/jeremy_rifkin_on_the_empathic_civilization.
Roll for the Soul. (2017) There’s no easy way to say it: we’re closing. http://www.rollforthesoul.org/theres-no-easy-way-to-say-it-were-closing.
Royal College of Psychiatrists. (2010) No health without Royal College of Psychiatrists Position statement PS4/2010 public mental health the case for action. http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/pdf/Position%20Statement%204%20website.pdf.
RRF. (2002) Household Waste Behaviour in London. Skipton, UK: Resource Recovery Forum.
RRF. (2004) Household Waste Behaviour in London, Phase 2: High, medium and low recyclers: attitudes, behaviours and needs. Skipton, UK: Resource Recovery Forum.
Schaefer, T., and LaGrange, A. (2018) Measure to combat our throwaway tech culture would be win-win for repair workers and landfills, StarTribune, MARCH 2, 2018. http://www.startribune.com/measure-tocombat-our-throwaway-tech-culture-would-be-win-win-for-repair-workersand-landfills/475703233/.
Schmelzer, M., and Passadakis, A. (2011) Postwachstum. Hamburg: VSA Verlag.
Scottish Government. (2017) The Socio-Economic Duty: A Consultation. http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0052/00522478.pdf.
SDKP. (2017) Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld.
Seery, E. (2014) Working for the Many. Oxford: Oxfam.
SIPRI and CAAT. (2016) Special Treatment UK Government Support for the Arms Industry and Trade. https://www.caat.org.uk/resources/publications/economics/special-treatment.pdf.
Social Mobility Commission. (2017) Social mobility policies between 1997 and 2017: time for change.
Stiglitz, J.E. et al. (2010) Report by the Commission on the. Measurement of Economic. Performance and Social Progress. Professor, Chair, Columbia University. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/118025/118123/Fitoussi+Commission+report.
TUC. (2010) Swords of justice and civic pillars: The case for greater engagement between British trade unions and community organisations. London: TUC.
UNCSD. (2012) The Future we Want, Outcome document of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 20–22 June 2012. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/733FutureWeWant.pdf.
UNECE. (1999) Aarhus Convention, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.
Varoufakis, Y. (2017) Bristol, Bristol Festival of Ideas 20th October, 2017.
Verbist, G., M. Förster, and M. Vaalavuo. (2012) The Impact of Publicly Provided Services on the Distribution of Resources: Review of New Results and Methods. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 30, OECD Publishing.
Warwick, H. (2017) What if all students spent a year working the land before university? The Guardian 17 July 2017.
We Own It. (2017) https://weownit.org.uk/.
Wilkinson, R., and Pickett, K. (2009) The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better. London: Allen Lane.
Wilkinson, R., and Pickett, K. (2019) The Inner Level: How More Equal Societies Reduce Stress, Restore Sanity and Improve Everyone’s Well-Being. Penguin Press.
Woodward, D., and Simms, A. (2006) Growth isn’t Working: The Unbalanced Distribution of Benefits and Costs from Economic Growth. Series: Re-thinking Poverty 1. London, New Economics Foundation.
World Economic Forum. (2017) Global Risks Report. https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2017.
World Inequality Report. (2018) http://wir2018.wid.world/files/download/wir2018-full-reportenglish.Pdf.
WWF World Wildlife Fund. (2006) Living planet report 2016. Gland, Switzerland: WWF.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bell, K. (2020). Supporting Working-Class Environmentalism. In: Working-Class Environmentalism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29519-6_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29519-6_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-29518-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-29519-6
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)