Abstract
A persistent cloaca is a complex congenital birth defect in which there is a confluence of the rectum, vagina, and urethra into a single common channel. Persistent cloacae occur exclusively in girls and is considered the most complex and technically challenging defect in the spectrum of anorectal malformations. The clinical features, etiology, classification, diagnosis and management are discussed.
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Further Reading
Hendren WH. Cloacal malformations: experience with 105 cases. J Pediatr Surg. 1992;27(7):890–901.
Hendren WH. Management of cloacal malformations. Semin Pediatr Surg. 1997;6(4):217–27.
Hendren WH. Cloaca, the most severe degree of imperforate anus: experience with 195 cases. Ann Surg. 1998;228(3):331–46.
Levitt MA, Bischoff A, Peña A. Pitfalls and challenges of cloaca repair; how to reduce the need for reoperations. J Pediatr Surg. 2011;46:1250–5.
Levitt MA, Mak GA, Falcone RA, Peña A. Cloacal exstrophy – pull through or permanent stoma? A review of 53 patients. J Pediatr Surg. 2008;43:164–70.
Levitt MA, Peña A. Cloacal malformations: lessons learned from 490 cases. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2010;19:128–38.
Peña A. The surgical management of persistent cloaca: results in 54 patients treated with a posterior sagittal approach. J Pediatr Surg. 1989;24:590–8.
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Al-Salem, A.H. (2020). Cloacal Anomalies. In: Atlas of Pediatric Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29211-9_63
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29211-9_63
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