Skip to main content

Forest Ecostructure and Its Change in Finland, Germany and Peru

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 272 Accesses

Part of the book series: World Forests ((WFSE,volume 24))

Abstract

This chapter addresses institutions in forest ecosystem service governance and policy. Adopting an institutionalist perspective, the chapter looks at rules, social norms and their enforcement characteristics that hinder or slow down environmental forest economy transformations in three countries, Finland, Germany and Peru. The chapter applies ecostructure as a key theoretical concept. The ecostructure is an intertwined institutional and ecosystemic architecture that brings organization to a particular social-ecological function. This chapter provides relevant theoretical advice to assist transformations towards the sustainable provision of forest ecosystem services and translates these into practical considerations about how such transformations may be possible on the ground.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Albert, C., Hauck, J., Buhr, N., & von Haaren, C. (2014). What ecosystem services information do users want? Investigating interests and requirements among landscape and regional planners in Germany. Landscape Ecology, 29, 1301–1313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartkowski, B., Lienhoop, N., & Hansjürgens, B. (2015). Capturing the complexity of biodiversity: A critical review of economic valuation studies of biological diversity. Ecological Economics, 113, 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, U. (1988). Gegengifte: Die Organisierte Unverantwortlichkeit. Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackman, A., Corral, L., Lima, E. S., & Asner, G. P. (2017). Titling indigenous communities protects forests in the Peruvian Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114, 4123–4128.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BMEL—Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (2014). The forests in Germany. Selected results pf the third national forest inventory. Retrieved 8 May 2018 from https://www.bmel.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/Publications/ForestsInGermany-BWI.html.

  • Borys, A., Suckow, F., Reyer, C., Gutsch, M., & Lasch-Born, P. (2016). The impact of climate change under different thinning regimes on carbon sequestration in a German forest district. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 21(6), 861–881.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowles, S. (2004). Microeconomics: Behavior, institutions, and evolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bromley, D. W. (2006). Sufficient reason: Volitional pragmatism and the meaning of economic institutions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrnes, J. E., Gamfeldt, L., Isbell, F., Lefcheck, J. S., Griffin, J. N., Hector, A., et al. (2014). Investigating the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality: challenges and solutions. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 5(2), 111–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colander, D., & Kupers, R. (2014). Complexity and the art of public policy: Solving society’s problems from the bottom up. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Coomes, O. T., Takasaki, Y., Abizaid, C., & Arroyo-Mora, J. P. (2016). Environmental and market determinants of economic orientation among rain forest communities: evidence from a large-scale survey in western Amazonia. Ecological Economics, 129, 260–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Commons, J.R. (1990). Institutional economics: Its place in political economy. (Original 1934). London: Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deacon, T. W. (2012). Incomplete nature: How mind emerged from matter. New York: WW Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Groot, R., Brander, L., van der Ploeg, S., Costanza, R., Bernard, F., Braat, L., et al. (2012). Global estimates of the value of ecosystems and their services in monetary units. Ecosystem Services, 1(1), 50–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dornelas, M., Gotelli, N. J., McGill, B., Shimadzu, H., Moyes, F., Sievers, C., et al. (2014). Assemblage time series reveal biodiversity change but not systematic loss. Science, 344(6181), 296–299.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer, J., et al. (2015). Public Goods and Ecosystem Services from Agriculture and ForestryA conceptual approach. Pegasus Project Deliverable WP1.1. Brussels: IEEP. Grant Agreement 633814.

    Google Scholar 

  • ECLAC-OECD (2016) Environmental performance reviews: Peru 2016. Highlights and recommendations. Santiago: ECLAC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, P., & Kleinschmit, D. (2013). Towards a European forest policy—conflicting courses. Forest Policy and Economics, 33, 87–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E-yearbook of food and natural resource statistics for 2016. Statistical facts on agriculture, forestry, fisheries and hunting in Finland. (2017). Natural resources and bioeconomy studies 30/2017. Retrieved 7 July 2019 from http://stat.luke.fi/sites/default/files/e-yearbook-foodandnaturalsource-2016.pdf.

  • Farley, J., & Costanza, R. (2010). Payments for ecosystem services: from global to local. Ecological Economics, 69, 2060–2068.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Federal Forest Act (1975). Act on the conservation of forests and the promotion of forestry. Retrieved 7 July 2019 from http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/ger25758.pdf.

  • Finnish Bioeconomy Strategy—Sustainable growth from bioeconomy. (2014). Edita Prima Ltd. Retrieved 7 July 2019 from http://www.bioeconomy.fi/facts-and-contacts/finnish-bioeconomy-strategy/.

  • Finnish Forest Centre Act 2011/418 (amendments up to 1326/2016). Retrieved 7 July 2019 from http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/2011/20110418. [Only in Finnish.].

  • Forest Act 1093/1996 (amendments up to 567/2014). Retrieved 7 July 2019 from http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1996/en19961093.

  • Forest Data Act (2017). Hallituksen esitys eduskunnalle laiksi Suomen metsäkeskuksen metsätietojärjestelmästä annetun lain muuttamisesta, (HE 170/2017 vp). [Government proposal to the Parliament to amend the Act on the Forestry Information System of the Finnish Forestry Center]. Retrieved 7 July 2019 from http://www.finlex.fi/fi/esitykset/he/2017/20170170. [Only in Finnish.].

  • Forest Management Association Act 534/1998 (amendments up to 1091/2013). Retrieved 7 July 2019 from http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1998/19980534. [Only in Finnish.].

  • Geels, F. W. (2002). Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: A multi-level perspective and a case-study. Research Policy, 31(89), 1257–1274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Government Programme (2015). Finland, a land of solutions. Strategic Programme of Prime Minister Juha Sipilä’s Government, 29 May 2015. Government Publications 12/2015. ISBN PDF 978-952-287-185-5. Retrieved 7 July 2019 from http://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/sipila/government-programme.

  • Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockström, J., Öhman, M. C., Shyamsundar, P., et al. (2013). Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature, 495, 305–307.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grin, J., Rotmans, J., & Schot, J. (2010). Transitions to sustainable development—New directions in the study of long term transformation change. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gutsch, et al. (2018). Balancing trade-offs between ecosystem services in Germany’s forests under climate change. Environmental Research Letters, 13(4), 045012

    Google Scholar 

  • Haltia, E., Rämö, A-K., Pynnönen, S., Valonen, M., Horne, P. (2017). Miksi metsien taloudellisia mahdollisuuksia jätetään käyttämättä?Metsänomistajien aktiivisuus ja siihen vaikuttaminen. [Why are the financial opportunities of forests left unused?—Activity of forest owners and influencing it]. PTT Raports 255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauck, J., Schweppe-Kraft, B., Albert, C., Görg, C., Jax, K., Jensen, R., et al. (2013). The promise of the ecosystem services concept for planning and decision-making. GAIA, 22, 232–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hiedanpää, J., & Bromley, D. W. (2016). Environmental heresies: the quest for reasonable. London: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hiedanpää, J., Kotilainen, J., & Salo, M. (2011). Unfolding the organised irresponsibility: ecosystem approach and the quest for forest biodiversity in Finland, Peru, and Russia. Forest Policy and Economics, 13(3), 159–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hiedanpää, J., Salo, M., & Kotilainen, J. (2015). Teleodynamics and institutional change: The hardship of protecting the Amur tiger, big-leaf mahogany, and gray wolf. Journal for Nature Conservation, 26, 36–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson, G. M. (2003). The hidden persuaders: institutions and individuals in economic theory. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 27(2), 159–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hooper, D. U., Adair, E. C., Cardinale, B. J., Byrnes, J. E., Hungate, B. A., Matulich, K. L., et al. (2012). A global synthesis reveals biodiversity loss as a major driver of ecosystem change. Nature, 486(7401), 105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hänninen, H., Karppinen, H., Leppänen, J. (2011). Suomalainen metsänomistaja 2010 [Finnish Forest Owner 2010]. Metlan työraportteja 208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kies, U., Mrosek, T., & Schulte, A. (2008). A statistics-based method for cluster analysis of the forest sector at the national and subnational level in Germany. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 23, 445–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kind, C., et al. (2010). Analyse des deutschen Marktes zur freiwilligen Kompensation von Treibhausgasemissionen. Studie im Auftrag der Deutschen Emissionshandelsstelle im Umweltbundesamt. Climate Change Nr. 10/2010, Dessau-Roßlau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kivimaa, P., & Mickwitz, P. (2011). Public policy as a part of transforming energy systems: framing bioenergy in Finnish energy policy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 19(16), 1812–1821.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Blanc, D. (2015). Towards Integration at Last? The Sustainable Development Goals as a Network of Targets. Sustainable Development, 23(3), 176–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lascoumes, P., & Le Gales, P. (2007). Introduction: Understanding Public Policy through Its Instruments? From the Nature of Instruments to the Sociology of Public Policy Instrumentation. Governance, 20(1), 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Latour, B. (2018). Down to Earth, Politics in the New Climatic Regime. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lear, J. (2006). Radical Hope: Ethics in the Face of Cultural Devastation. Boston: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loft, L., Mann, C., & Hansjürgens, B. (2015). Challenges in ecosystem services governance: Multi-levels, multi-actors, multi-rationalities. Ecosystem Services, 16, 150–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lusch, R. F., & Vargo, S. L. (2014). The service-dominant logic of marketing: Dialog, debate, and directions. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • INSPIRE—Infrastructure for spatial information in the European Community (2007) INSPIRE EU Directive. Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE). Official Journal of the European Union L 108/1, Volume 50. Retrieved 7 July 2019 from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=OJ:L:2007:108:FULL&from=EN.

  • Karppinen, H., & Berghäll, S. (2015). Forest owners’ stand improvement decisions: Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior. Forest Policy and Economics, 50, 275–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, N. (2018). No is not enough: Resisting Trump’s shock politics and winning the world we need. Chicago: Haymarket Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klerkx, L., Hall, A., & Leeuwis, C. (2009). Strengthening agricultural innovation capacity: are innovation brokers the answer? International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology, 8(56), 409–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotiaho, J. S. (2017). On effective biodiversity conservation, sustainability of bioeconomy, and honesty of the Finnish forest policy. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 54(1–4), 13–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kröger, M., & Raitio, K. (2017). Finnish forest policy in the era of bioeconomy: A pathway to sustainability? Forest Policy and Economics, 77, 6–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumela, H., & Hänninen, H. (2011). Metsänomistajien näkemykset metsänkäsittelymenetelmien monipuolistamisesta [Forest owners’ views on diversification of forest management]. Metlan työraportteja 203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makkonen, M., Huttunen, S., Primmer, E., Repo, A., & Hildén, M. (2015). Policy coherence in climate change mitigation: An ecosystem service approach to forests as carbon sinks and bioenergy sources. Forest Policy and Economics, 50, 153–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, C., & Plieninger, T. (2017). The potential of landscape labelling approaches for integrated landscape management in Europe. Landscape Research, 42(8), 904–920.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, C., Loft, L., & Hansjürgens, B. (2015). Governance of ecosystem services: Lessons learned for sustainable institutions. Ecosystem Services, 16, 275–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, C., & Absher, J. D. (2014). Strategies for adjusting policies to institutional, cultural and biophysical context conditions: The case of conservation banking in California. Land Use Policy, 36, 73–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthies, B. D., D’Amato, D., Berghäll, S., Ekholm, T., Hoen, H. F., Holopainen, J., et al. (2016). An ecosystem service-dominant logic?—Integrating the ecosystem service approach and the service-dominant logic. Journal of Cleaner Production, 124, 51–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mattila, O. (2015). Towards service-dominant thinking in the Finnish forestry service market. Dissertationes Forestales 198. 61 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • MEA. (2005). Millennium ecosystem assessment Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meadowcroft, J. (2009). What about the politics? Sustainable development, transition management, and long term energy transitions. Policy Sciences, 42(4), 323–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mejía, E., Cano, W., de Jong, W., Pacheco, P., Tapia, S., & Morocho, J. (2015). Actores, aprovechamiento de madera y mercados en la Amazonía peruana (Vol. 145). Lima: CIFOR.

    Google Scholar 

  • MINAM (2014). Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad Biológica al 2021. Plan de Acción 2014–2018. Lima: Ministerio del Ambiente.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mokyr, J. (1990). The lever of riches: Technological creativity and economic progress. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • National forest strategy 2025—Government resolution of 12 February 2015 (2015). Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 6b/2015. ISBN 978-952-453-912-8 (online). Retrieved 7 July 2019 from http://mmm.fi/en/nfs.

  • North, D. C. (2005). Understanding the process of institutional change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Olsson, P., Folke, C., Galaz, V., Hahn, T., Schultz, L. (2007). Enhancing the fit through adaptive co-management: creating and maintaining bridging functions for matching scales in the Kristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve, Sweden. Ecology and Society, 12(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Orihuela, J. C. (2017). Assembling participatory Tambopata: Environmentality entrepreneurs and the political economy of nature. Forest Policy and Economics, 80, 52–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrom, E. (2009). A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems. Science, 325(5939), 419–422.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pacheco, P., Mejía, E., Cano, W., & de Jong, W. (2016). Smallholder forestry in the Western Amazon: Outcomes from forest reforms and emerging policy perspectives. Forests, 7(9), 193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pelkonen, P. (2017). Suomen Metsäkeskusta, metsänhoitoyhdistyksiä ja metsätietojärjestelmää koskevien lainsäädäntöuudistusten vaikutukset ja tavoitteiden toteutuminen. Arviointiraportti 22.10.2017. Impact of the legislative reforms concerning the Finnish Forest Center, Forest Management Associations and the forest information system, and the achievement of objectives. The evaluation report https://mmm.fi/documents/1410837/1504826/171102_Pelkosen_raportti.pdf, https://mmm.fi/documents/849f5f53-410a-4572-b243-a9117c8b2564/171102_Pelkosen_raportti.pdf

  • Personal Data Act (523/1999). Retrieved 7 July 2019 from http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/19990523.

  • Pihlainen, S., Tahvonen, O., & Niinimäki, S. (2014). The economics of timber and bioenergy production and carbon storage in Scots pine stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 44(9), 1091–1102.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pistorius, T., Schaich, H., Winkel, G., Plieninger, T., Bieling, C., Konold, W., et al. (2012). Lessons for REDDplus: a comparative analysis of the German discourse on forest functions and the global ecosystem services debate. Forest Policy and Economics, 18, 4–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piu, H. C., & Menton, M. (2013). Contexto de REDD + en Perú: Motores, actores e instituciones. Lima: CIFOR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Primmer, E., Jokinen, P., Blicharska, M., Barton, D. N., Bugter, R., & Potschin, M. (2015). Governance of ecosystem services: A framework for empirical analysis. Ecosystem Services, 16, 158–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PSI Directive—Directive on the re-use of public sector information (2003). Directive 2003/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 November 2003 on the re-use of public sector information. Official Journal of the European Union L 345/90, EN 31.12.2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pynnönen, S., Haltia, E., Rämö, A.-K. (2017). Metsäammattilaisten näkemyksiä metsätaloudellisen passiivisuuden syistä. [Forest Professionals’ Views on Inactivity in Forestry] PTT Työpapereita 185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pynnönen, S., Paloniemi, R., & Hujala, T. (2018). Recognizing the interest of forest owners to combine nature-oriented and economic uses of forests. Small-scale Forestry, 17(4), 443–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • RAISG (2016). Cartografía histórica de áreas naturales protegidas y territorios indígenas en la Amazonía. Red Amazónica de Información Socioambiental Georrefenciada.l Retrieved 7 July 2019 from https://www.amazoniasocioambiental.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/cartografia_historica_ANP_TI_06abril.pdf.

  • Ravikumar, A., Sears, R. R., Cronkleton, P., Menton, M., & Pérez-Ojeda del Arco, M. (2017). Is small-scale agriculture really the main driver of deforestation in the Peruvian Amazon? Moving beyond the prevailing narrative. Conservation Letters, 10(2), 170–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rival, L., & Roldan, M. (2013). Introduction: Governing the provision of ecosystem services. In R. Muradian & L. Rival (Eds.), Governing the provision of ecosystem services (pp. 1–17). London: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodrik, D. (2018). Straight talk on trade: Ideas for a sane world economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Roering, H.-W. (2004). Study on Forestry in Germany. Working Paper of the Institute of Economics 2004/16. Federal Research Center for Forestry and Forest Products Hamburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salo, M., Helle, S., & Toivonen, T. (2011). Allocating logging rights in Peruvian Amazonia—Does it matter to be local? PLoS ONE, 6(5), e19704.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Salo, M., Puro, J.-P., & Knuuti, K. (2013). Control and intimacy in the Amazonian reality: Newspaper rhetoric on forest sector reform in Peru. Land Use Policy, 35, 226–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salo, M., Sirén, A., & Kalliola, R. (2014). Diagnosing wild species harvest: resource use and conservation. San Diego: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sattler, C., Reutter, M., Schäfer, A. (2017). Inventarisierung bestehender Online-Marktplätze. Ist-Situation der Kommodifizierung von Ökosystemleistungen und Biodiversität. Project Report AgoraNatur 06/2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schleyer, C., Görg, C., Hauck, J., & Winkler, K. J. (2015). Opportunities and challenges for mainstreaming the ecosystem services concept in the multi-level policy-making within the EU. Ecosystem Services, 16, 174–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schusser, C., Krott, M., Logmani, J., Sadath, N., Yufanyi Movuh, M. C., & Salla, M. (2013). Community Forestry in Germany, a Case Study Seen Through the Lens of the International Model. Journal of Sustainable Development, 6(9), 88–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schröter, M., van der Zanden, E. H., van Oudenhoven, A. P., Remme, R. P., Serna-Chavez, H. M., De Groot, R. S., et al. (2014). Ecosystem services as a contested concept: a synthesis of critique and counter-arguments. Conservation Letters, 7(6), 514–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sears, R. R., & Pinedo-Vasquez, M. (2011). Forest policy reform and the organization of logging in Peruvian Amazonia. Development and Change, 42(2), 609–631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sotirov, M., Schüll, E., Sällnas, O., Borges, J., Jonsson, R., Riemer, A., Eriksson, E. (2014). Future scenarios of forest management in Europe. Integral second policy brief.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takala, T., Hujala, T., Tanskanen, M., & Tikkanen, J. (2017). The order of forest owners’ discourses: Hegemonic and marginalised truths about the forest and forest ownership. Journal of Rural Studies, 55, 33–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • TEEB DE—Natural Capital Germany (2016). Ecosystem services in rural areasBasis for human wellbeing and sustainable economic development. Summary for decision-makers. Leibniz University Hanover, Hanover, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Leipzig.

    Google Scholar 

  • Temperli, C., Stadelmann, G., Thürig, E., & Brang, P. (2017). Silvicultural strategies for increased timber harvesting in a Central European mountain landscape. European Journal of Forest Research, 136, 493–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UBA. (2016). Berichterstattung unter der Klimarahmenkonvention der Vereinten Nationen 2015–Nationaler Inventarbericht zum Deutschen Treibhausgasinventar 1990–2013 Climate Change 2/2016. Dessau: Umweltbundesamt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, O. (2002). The Institutional dimension of environmental change. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Van Der Plas, F., Manning, P., Allan, E., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Verheyen, K., Wirth, C., et al. (2016). Jack-of-all-trades effects drive biodiversity–ecosystem multifunctionality relationships in European forests. Nature Communications, 7, 11109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vatn, A. (2005). Institutions and the environment. London: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkel, G. (2007). Waldnaturschutzpolitik in Deutschland. Bestandsaufnhamen, Analysen und Entwurf einer Story-Line. Remagen-Oberwinter: Verlag Dr. Kessel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkel, G., & Sotirov, M. (2016). Whose integration is this? European forest policy between the gospel of coordination, institutional competition, and a new spirit of integration. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 34(3), 496–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viszlai, I., Barredo, J. I., & San-Miguel-Ayanz, J. (2016). Payments for forest ecosystem servicesSWOT analysis and possibilities for implementation. JRC Technical Reports.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolters, S., Nett, K., Tänzler, D., Wilkening, K., Götz, M., Krebs, J.-M., & Vogel, D. (2015). Aktualisierte Analyse des deutschen Marktes zur freiwilligen Kompensation von Treibhausgasemissionen. UBA Texte Climate Change 02/15

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Juha Hiedanpää .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Hiedanpää, J., Mann, C., Hänninen, H., Salo, M., Orihuela, J.C. (2019). Forest Ecostructure and Its Change in Finland, Germany and Peru. In: Hujala, T., Toppinen, A., J. Butler, B. (eds) Services in Family Forestry. World Forests, vol 24. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28999-7_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics