Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Rational Design of Nanostructured Polymer Electrolytes and Solid–Liquid Interphases for Lithium Batteries pp 117–135Cite as

Electroless Formation of Hybrid Lithium Anodes for High Interfacial Ion Transport

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 873 Accesses

Part of the book series: Springer Theses ((Springer Theses))

Abstract

Rechargeable batteries based on metallic anodes provide promising platforms for fundamental and application-focused studies of chemical and physical kinetics of liquids at solid interfaces. It is known that the intrinsic chemical instability of the metals to undergo parasitic side reactions with liquid electrolytes presents a difficult challenge for long-term stability. Approaches that allow facile creation of uniform coatings on these metals to prevent physical contact with liquid electrolytes, while enabling high rate ion transport, are essential to address the anode failure issues in these batteries. Here, we report a simple electroless ion-exchange chemistry for creating uniform and functional coatings of the metal indium on lithium. By means of joint density-functional theory and interfacial characterization experiments, we show that these coatings provide multiple stabilization mechanisms, including exceptionally low surface diffusion barriers for lithium-ion transport and high chemical resistance to liquid electrolytes. Indium coatings undergo reversible alloying reactions with lithium ions, enabling the design of high-capacity hybrid In-Li anodes that utilize both alloying and plating chemistries for charge storage. By means of direct visualization, we further show that the coatings enable remarkably compact and uniform electrodeposition. The resultant In-Li anodes are shown to exhibit minimal capacity fade in extended galvanostatic cycling when paired with commercial-grade cathodes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Armand, M., Tarascon, J.-M. Building better batteries: Nature. 451, 652–657 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Tarascon, J.-M., Armand, M.: Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries. Nature. 414, 359–367 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Tikekar, M.D., Choudhury, S., Tu, Z., Archer, L.A.: Design principles for electrolytes and interfaces for stable lithium-metal batteries. Nat. Energy. 1, 16114 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Cheng, X., Zhang, R., Zhao, C., Wei, F., Zhang, J., Zhang, Q.:A Review of Solid Electrolyte Interphases on Lithium Metal Anode. Adv. Sci. 3, 1–20 (2016)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Tu, Z., Nath, P., Lu, Y., Tikekar, M.D., Archer, L.A.: Nanostructured Electrolytes for Stable Lithium Electrodeposition in Secondary Batteries Acc. Chem. Res. 48, 2947–2956 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Tikekar, M.D., Archer, L.A., Koch, D.L.: Stability Analysis of Electrodeposition across a Structured Electrolyte with Immobilized Anions. J. Electrochem. Soc. 161, A847–A855 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Tikekar, M.D., Archer, L.A., Koch, D.L.: Stabilizing electrodeposition in elastic solid electrolytes containing immobilized anions. Sci. Adv. 2, e1600320 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Bachman, J.C., Muy, S., Grimaud, A., Chang, H., Pour, N., Lux, S.F., Paschos, O., Maglia, F., Lupart, S., Lamp, P., et al.: Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: Mechanisms and Properties Governing Ion Conduction. Chem. Rev. 116, 140–162 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Tu, Z., Kambe, Y., Lu, Y., Archer, L.A.: Nanoporous Polymer‐Ceramic Composite Electrolytes for Lithium Metal Batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 4, 1300654 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Tung, S.-O., Ho, S., Yang, M., Zhang, R., Kotov, N.A.: A dendrite-suppressing composite ion conductor from aramid nanofibres. Nat. Commun. 6, 6152 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Tu, Z., Zachman, M.J., Choudhury, S., Wei, S., Ma, L., Yang, Y., Kourkoutis, L.F., Archer, L.A.: Rechargeable Batteries: Nanoporous Hybrid Electrolytes for High‐Energy Batteries Based on Reactive Metal Anodes. Adv. Energy Mater. 7, 1602367 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Choudhury, S., Mangal, R., Agrawal, A., Archer, L.A.: A highly reversible room-temperature lithium metal battery based on crosslinked hairy nanoparticles. Nat. Commun. 6, 10101 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Khurana, R., Schaefer, J.L., Archer, L.A., Coates, G.W.: Suppression of lithium dendrite growth using cross-linked polyethylene/poly(ethylene oxide) electrolytes: a new approach for practical lithium-metal polymer batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 7395–7402 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Cheng, X.B., Hou, T.Z., Zhang, R., Peng, H.J., Zhao, C.Z., Huang, J.Q., Zhang, Q.: Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition Induced by Uniformly Distributed Lithium Ions for Efficient Lithium Metal Batteries. Adv. Mater. 28, 2888–2895 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Lu, Y., Tikekar, M., Mohanty, R., Hendrickson, K., Ma, L., Archer, L.A.: Stable Cycling of Lithium Metal Batteries Using High Transference Number Electrolytes. Adv. Energy Mater. 5, 1402073 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Schaefer, J.L., Yanga, D.A., Archer, L.A.: High Lithium Transference Number Electrolytes via Creation of 3-Dimensional, Charged, Nanoporous Networks from Dense Functionalized Nanoparticle Composites. Chem. Mater. 25, 834–839 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Wu, H., Yu, G., Pan, L., Liu, N., McDowell, M.T., Bao, Z., Cui, Y.: Stable Li-ion battery anodes by in-situpolymerization of conducting hydrogel to conformally coat silicon nanoparticles. Nat. Commun. 4, 1943 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Aurbach, D., Zinigrad, E., Cohen, Y., Teller, H.: A short review of failure mechanisms of lithium metal and lithiated graphite anodes in liquid electrolyte solutions. Solid State Ionics. 148, 405–416 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Lin, D., Liu, Y., Cui, Y.: Reviving the lithium metal anode for high-energy batteries. Nat. Nanotechnol. 12, 194–206 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Choudhury, S., Wan, C.T., Al Sadat, W.I., Tu, Z., Lau, S., Zachman, M.J., Kourkoutis, L.F., Archer, L.A.: Designer interphases for the lithium-oxygen electrochemical cell. Sci. Adv. 3, e1602809 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Ding, F., Xu, W., Graff, G.L., Zhang, J., Sushko, M.L., Chen, X., Shao, Y., Engelhard, M.H., Nie, Z., Xiao, J., et al.: Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition via Self-Healing Electrostatic Shield Mechanism. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 4450–4456 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Choudhury, S., Archer, L.A.: Lithium Fluoride Additives for Stable Cycling of Lithium Batteries at High Current Densities. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2, 1500246 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Zheng, G., Lee, S.W., Liang, Z., Lee, H.-W., Yan, K., Yao, H., Wang, H., Li, W., Chu, S., Cui, Y.: Interconnected hollow carbon nanospheres for stable lithium metal anodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 618–623 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kozen, A.C., Lin, C., Pearse, A.J., Schroeder, M.A., Han, X., Hu, L., Lee, S., Rubloff, G.W., Noked, M.: Next-Generation Lithium Metal Anode Engineering via Atomic Layer Deposition. ACS Nano. 9, 5884–5892 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Liang, Z., Zheng, G., Liu, C., Liu, N., Li, W., Yan, K., Yao, H., Hsu, P.-C., Chu, S., Cui, Y.: Polymer nanofiber-guided uniform lithium deposition for battery electrodes. Nano Lett. 15, 2910–2916 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Zhang, X., Cheng, X., Chen, X., Yan, C., Zhang, Q.: Fluoroethylene Carbonate Additives to Render Uniform Li Deposits in Lithium Metal Batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1605989 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Qian, J., Henderson, W.A., Xu, W., Bhattacharya, P., Engelhard, M., Borodin, O., Zhang, J.-G.: High rate and stable cycling of lithium metal anode. Nat. Commun. 6, 6362 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Seh, Z.W., Sun, J., Sun, Y., Cui, Y.: A Highly Reversible Room-Temperature Sodium Metal Anode. ACS Cent. Sci. 1, 449–455 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Lu, Y., Tu, Z., Archer, L.A.: Stable lithium electrodeposition in liquid and nanoporous solid electrolytes. Nat. Mater. 13, 961–969 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Ozhabes, Y., Gunceler, D., Arias, T.A.: Stability and surface diffusion at lithium-electrolyte interphases with connections to dendrite suppression. arXiv. 1504.05799, 1–7 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Choudhury, S., Wei, S., Ozhabes, Y., Gunceler, D., et al.: Designing solid-liquid interphases for sodium batteries. Nat. Commun. 8, 898 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  32. Jäckle, M., Groß, A.: Microscopic properties of lithium, sodium, and magnesium battery anode materials related to possible dendrite growth. J. Chem. Phys. 141, 174710 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Gunceler, D., Schwarz, K.A., Sundararaman, K.L.R., Arias, T.A.: 16th International Workshop on Computational Physics and Materials Science: Total Energy and Force Methods (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Gunceler, D., Letchworth-Weaver, K., Sundararaman, R., Schwarz, K.A., Arias, T.A.: The importance of nonlinear fluid response in joint density-functional theory studies of battery systems. Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 21, 074005 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Naumkin, A.V., Kraut-Vass, A., Powell, C.J.: NIST X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, Version 4.1. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Aurbach, D., Markovsky, B., Shechter, A., Ein-Eli, Y., Cohen, H.: A Comparative Study of Synthetic Graphite and Li Electrodes in Electrolyte Solutions Based on Ethylene Carbonate‐Dimethyl Carbonate Mixtures. J. Electrochem. Soc. 143, 3809–3820 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ota, H., Sakata, Y., Wang, X., Sasahara, J., Yasukawa, E.: Characterization of Lithium Electrode in Lithium Imides/Ethylene Carbonate and Cyclic Ether Electrolytes II. Surface Chemistry. J. Electrochem. Soc. 151, A437–A446 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Verma, P., Maire, P., Novak, P.: A review of the features and analyses of the solid electrolyte interphase in Li-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta. 55, 6332–6341 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ha, S., Lee, Y., Woo, S.W., Koo, B., Kim, J., Cho, J., Lee, K.T., Choi, N.: Magnesium(II) bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide-based electrolytes with wide electrochemical windows for rechargeable magnesium batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 6, 4063–4073 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Zhang, T., Liao, K., He, P., Zhou, H.: A self-defense redox mediator for efficient lithium–O2 batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 9, 1024–1030 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Li, N.-W., Yin, Y.-X., Yang, C.-P., Guo, Y.-G.: An Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase Layer for Stable Lithium Metal Anodes. Adv. Mater. 28, 1853–1858 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Cheng, X.-B., Yan, C., Chen, X., Guan, C., Huang, J.-Q., Peng, H.-J., Zhang, R., Yang, S.-T., Zhang, Q.: Implantable Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Lithium-Metal Batteries. Chem. 2, 258–270 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Sundararaman, R., Gunceler, D., Letchworth-Weaver, K., Schwarz, K.A., Arias, T.A.: JDFTx code. http://jdftx.sourceforge.net (2012)

  44. Garrity, K.F., Bennett, J.W., Rabe, K.M., Vanderbilt, D.: Pseudopotentials for high-throughput DFT calculations. Comput. Mater. Sci. 81, 446–452 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Gunceler, D., Arias, T.A.: Towards a generalized iso-density continuum model for molecular solvents in plane-wave DFT. Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 25, 015004 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Sundararaman, R., Arias, T.A.: Regularization of the Coulomb singularity in exact exchange by Wigner-Seitz truncated interactions: towards chemical accuracy in nontrivial systems. Phys. Rev. B. 87, 165122 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the Advanced Research Projects Agency- Energy (ARPA-E) through award number 1002-2265, DEFOA-001002 for supporting this study. The study also made use of the electrochemical characterization facilities of the KAUST-CU Center for Energy and Sustainability, which is supported by the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) through award number KUS-C1-018-02. Electron microscopy facilities at the Cornell Center for Materials Research (CCMR), an NSF-supported MRSEC through Grant DMR-1120296, were also used for the study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Snehashis Choudhury

Authors
  1. Snehashis Choudhury
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Appendix: Supplementary Information

Appendix: Supplementary Information

Supplementary Table 7.1 Comparison of predicted surface energies and Li diffusion barriers for various low-index surfaces of indium in vacuum and acetonitrile solvent (this work) against those for the most stable surfaces of lithium, sodium, and magnesium [32]
Full size table
Supplementary Table 7.2 Values of Arrhenius fitting parameters for inverse interfacial resistance
Full size table
Supplementary Fig. 7.1
figure 6

Equivalent circuit model for fitting Nyquist plots of impedance measurements. R-bulk represent bulk electrolyte. R-interface1 represents interfacial resistance associated with the passivation layer, and R-interface2 denotes the charge transfer resistance. CPE1 and CPE2 represent the constant phase elements. Warburg element is the solid-state diffusion contribution

Full size image
Supplementary Fig. 7.2
figure 7

(a) Nyquist plots as a function of temperature for control electrolyte and In(TFSI)3-added electrolyte before conditioning obtained by impedance spectroscopy measurements; (b) Nyquist diagram for In(TFSI)3-added electrolyte, after cycling at low current densities

Full size image
Supplementary Fig. 7.3
figure 8

Cyclic voltammetry result of indium electrode (100 μm) vs. lithium electrode for five cycles. It is seen that the cycling result is “noisy” and there is significant shift in the current peaks

Full size image
Supplementary Fig. 7.4
figure 9

In-house built electrochemical setup for visualization experiments involving electrodeposition of lithium metal onto stainless steel electrode

Full size image
Supplementary Fig. 7.5
figure 10

Initial cycle of Li||NCM cell using the electrolyte 1 M LiPF6 in EC/DMC with additives 10% FEC and 12 mM In(TFSI)3. The long charging curve is due to the formation of SEI by breakdown of TFSI anions

Full size image

7.1.1 Methods

7.1.1.1 Computational Details

We perform density functional theory calculations using the open-source JDFTx software [43], employing a plane wave basis with ultrasoft pseudopotentials [44] at the recommended kinetic energy cutoffs of 20 and 100 Hartrees for wave functions and charge densities, respectively. We use the PBE generalized gradient approximation to the exchange-correlation functional [44] and the nonlinear PCM model [34] to describe solvation in acetonitrile [45] along with 1 M non-adsorbing electrolyte. (Electrolytes in continuum solvation models are non-adsorbing by definition.) We use k-point grids that correspond to an effective supercell size of at least 30 A in each periodic direction and Fermi smearing with a width of 0.01 Hartrees.

For the body-centered tetragonal lattice of bulk indium, we obtain lattice constants a = 3.27 A and c = 4.96 A, in excellent agreement with experiment (errors +0.5% and +0.4%, respectively). For the surfaces, we use inversion-symmetric five-layer slab models with a vacuum/solvent gap of 15 A, along with truncated Coulomb potentials to exactly eliminate interactions between periodic images along the slab normal [46]. For diffusion calculations, we use 3 × 3 supercells along the surface directions and map the energy landscape of a Li atom over a symmetry-irreducible wedge of one-unit cell. Specifically, we use (the irreducible wedges of) an 8 × 8 uniform grid of Li positions for the (001) surface and a 6 × 6 grid for (011). All ionic positions are optimized self-consistently, except for the central layer held at bulk geometry for surface calculations, and planar coordinates of Li constrained for mapping the energy landscape.

7.1.1.2 Experimental Details

7.1.1.2.1 Materials

Lithium discs were obtained from MTI corporation. Indium foil (0.1 μm), indium(III) tris(trifluoromethanesulfonimide), ethylene carbonate, diethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) were all purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Fluoroethylene carbonate was obtained from Alfa Aesar. Celgard 3501 separator was obtained from Celgard Inc. Lithium titanate was obtained from NEI Corporation. Nickel cobalt manganese oxide cathode was bought from Electrodes and More Co. All the chemicals were used as received in after rigorous drying in a ~0 ppm water level and <5 ppm oxygen glove box.

7.1.1.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy and EDX

Surface analysis of indium-coated lithium samples was done using SEM and EDX techniques using the LEO155FESEM instrument. The samples were prepared by 6-h treating of lithium disc in a solution of 12 mM In(TFSI)3 in EC/DMC solvent, followed by 2-day drying in glove box antechamber. Morphology of electrodeposition was studied by a postmortem analysis of a Li||stainless steel battery using the electrolyte 1 M LiPF6 EC/DMC with a Celgard separator. For the case of indium coating, 12 mM In(TFSI)3 was added in the control electrolyte. The battery was discharged at a rate of 0.5 mA/cm2 for 6 h.

7.1.1.2.3 X-Ray Diffraction

XRD was carried out on a Scintag Theta-Theta X-ray diffractometer using Cu K-α radiation at λ = 1.5406 Å. Samples were quickly transferred to the XRD chamber with minimal exposure to air. For XRD same indium-coated lithium samples were used as for SEM characterizations.

7.1.1.2.4 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

XPS was conducted using Surface Science Instruments SSX-100 with operating pressure of ~2 × 10−9 torr. Monochromatic Al K-α x-rays (1486.6 eV) with beam diameter of 1 mm were used. Photoelectrons were collected at an emission angle of 55°. A hemispherical analyzer determined electron kinetic energy, using pass energy of 150 V for wide survey scans and 50 V for high-resolution scans. Samples were ion-etched using 4 kV Ar ions, which were rastered over an area of 2.25 × 4 mm with total ion beam current of 2 mA, to remove adventitious carbon. Spectra were referenced to adventitious C 1s at 284.5 eV. CasaXPS software was used for XPS data analysis with Shelby backgrounds. Samples were exposed to air only during the short transfer time to the XPS chamber (less than 10 s).

7.1.1.2.5 Impedance Spectroscopy

The impedance spectroscopy measurement was done using a Novocontrol N40 Broadband Dielectric instrument. Symmetric cells were prepared using two lithium discs using the electrolyte 1 M LiPF6 EC/DMC with a Celgard separator. The indium-based cells were prepared by addition of 12 mM In(TFSI)3 as the co-salt in the control electrolyte. The measurements were done in a frequency range from 10−3 to 107 Hz.

7.1.1.2.6 Cyclic Voltammetry

Cyclic voltammetry was performed in two-electrode setup. In one of the tests, the cell comprised of lithium as reference and counter electrode and indium foil as working electrode, while in another experiment, stainless steel was used as the working electrode. The electrolyte used in the former case was 1 M LiPF6 EC/DMC, while in the latter the same electrolyte was used with 12 mM In(TFSI)3. In both cases the separator used was Celgard, and the scanning rate was 1 mV/s operated between 0 and 2 V (vs. Li/Li+).

7.1.1.2.7 Direct Visualization Experiments

The visualization experiment was carried out for understanding the electrodeposition process with and without indium coatings. The electrolyte utilized was 1 M LiPF6-EC/DMC and the same electrolyte with 12 mM In(TFSI)3 additive. The setup consists of a glass chamber with a lithium rod on one side and stainless steel disc on the other, connected using tungsten rods. The glass tube was tightly closed and sealed with Teflon film to ensure complete inert environment inside the cell. In these experiments, the stainless steel electrode was continuously charged with a current density of 8 mA/cm2. The electrode, being charged, was monitored over time, and images of lithium deposition at different intervals were captured from an optical microscope.

7.1.1.2.8 Battery Performance

2032 type Li||Li coin cells with and without 12 mM In(TFSI)3 were prepared inside an argon-filled glove box. The amount of electrolyte used for all battery testing was 60 μl. The cells were evaluated using galvanostatic (strip-plate) cycling in a Neware CT-3008 battery tester. The batteries were repeatedly charged and discharged with each half cycle 1 h long. Coulombic efficiency test was performed in Li||stainless steel cell with a higher current density of 1 mA/cm2 and capacity 1 mAh/cm2; 10% (vol.) fluoroethylene carbonate was used in additive in both control and indium-based electrolytes. Half-cell test was performed in lithium versus lithium titanate cell at a C-rate of 1 C. The cathode loading was 3 mAh/cm2 and the voltage range was between 1 and 3 V. For cycling NCM cells with 2 mAh cm−2, the voltage range was chosen to be 4.2 to 3 V. A constant voltage step was applied at the end of the charge cycle at 4.2, until the current reduced to 10% of the current used in galvanostatic charging process. The charging was done at C/2 rate and discharge at 1 C.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Choudhury, S. (2019). Electroless Formation of Hybrid Lithium Anodes for High Interfacial Ion Transport. In: Rational Design of Nanostructured Polymer Electrolytes and Solid–Liquid Interphases for Lithium Batteries. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28943-0_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation