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Immunology in Tumor and Transplant

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Urologic Principles and Practice

Part of the book series: Springer Specialist Surgery Series ((SPECIALIST))

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Abstract

The immune response is started any time the immune system encounters an allo-antigen (bacteria, tumor or heterologous graft, etc.). The immune response consists in three steps: recognition of the alloantigen, activation of the lymphocyte T, destruction of the target by cellular or humoral ways; and involve several actors: Antigen Presenting Cell (APC), lymphocyte T, B, macrophage, complement, etc.

In tumor immunology, two pathways allowing the tumor cell to escape the anti-tumoral immunity have been identified: the Programmed Death 1 (PD1) and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) immune checkpoints. PD1 and CTLA4 are the main targets of the most recent immunotherapies. Blocking one or other of these immune checkpoints leads to “release the brake” exerted by the cancer cells on the anti-tumoral immunity.

In renal transplantation, an immunosuppression therapy is necessary to avoid rejection. It consists in an “induction therapy” whose objective is to prevent the acute rejection, relayed by a maintenance long term immunosupressive treatment called “maintenance treatment”. By detailing the course and steps of the immune response, we expose in this chapter the modes of action of immunotherapies in the treatment cancer and immunosupressive treatments in kidney transplantation.

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Abbreviations

APC:

Antigen presenting cell

CTLA4:

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigen

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

PD1:

Programmed death 1

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, Fundaciò Puigvert, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Romain Boissier, Angelo Territo & Alberto Breda

Authors
  1. Romain Boissier
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  2. Angelo Territo
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  3. Alberto Breda
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alberto Breda .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation, Sheffield, UK

    Christopher R. Chapple

  2. Department of Urology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    William D. Steers

  3. Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA

    Christopher P. Evans

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Boissier, R., Territo, A., Breda, A. (2020). Immunology in Tumor and Transplant. In: Chapple, C., Steers, W., Evans, C. (eds) Urologic Principles and Practice. Springer Specialist Surgery Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28599-9_11

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28599-9_11

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-28598-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-28599-9

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