Abstract
This part is consisted of 6 other chapters concerned with various research programs dedicated to the Persian leopard in Iran. The first chapter is an introduction to the historical and cultural significance of the species. Furthermore, conservation requirements of the leopard is also discussed. In the next chapter, natural and socioeconomic characteristics across the leopard range which is almost in all provinces of the country is considered for an innovative classification of the regions for further research and conservation programs. The result is used in the third chapter for a countrywide distribution modeling of the Persian leopard potential habitats on a regional basis. The findings of the third chapter provide a basis for the next research concerning ground validations of developed MAXENT potential distribution models. This chapter also provides an evaluation to three threshold rules according to the ground validation techniques. Findings elaborated in the previous chapters are used in the fifth manuscript to develop innovative species-specific models to assess cumulative effects of land use and land cover variations on the regional persistence of the leopard. In the last research chapter of this section, an overview is presented concerning the leopard potential habitats in East-Azarbaijan province and the transboundary habitats in the Iranian sector of the Caucasus Ecoregion. To be consistent and clear in all the chapters of the first part of this book, a general overview is presented here to provide definitions for the key terms and the relative ecological concepts.
Keywords
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Akçakaya, H. R. (1992). Population viability analysis and risk assessment. In D. McCullough & R. H. Barrett (Eds.), Wildlife 2001: Populations (pp. 148–157). Bern, The Netherlands: Springer.
Akçakaya, H. R. (2000). Viability analyses with habitat-based metapopulation models. Population Ecology, 42(1), 45–53.
Anderson, S. H. (1999). Managing our wildlife resources. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Araújo, M. B., & Peterson, A. T. (2012). Uses and misuses of bioclimatic envelope modelling. Ecology, 93, 1527–1539.
Araújo, M. B., & Williams, P. H. (2000). Selecting areas for species persistence using occurrence data. Biological Conservation, 96(3), 331–345.
Ayala, F. J. (1970). Competition, coexistence and evolution. In M. K. Hecht & W. S. Steere (Eds.), Essays in evolution and genetics in honor of Theodosis Dobzhansky (pp. 121–158). New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Barve, N., Barve, V., Jiménez-Valverde, A., Lira-Noriega, A., Maher, S. P., Peterson, A. T., … Villalobos, F. (2011). The crucial role of the accessible area in ecological niche modeling and species distribution modeling. Ecological Modelling, 222(11), 1810–1819.
Beier, P., & Loe, S. (1992). A checklist for evaluating impacts to wildlife movement corridors. Wildlife Social Bulletin, 20, 434–440.
Bennett, G., & Mulongoy, K. J. (2006). Review of experience with ecological networks, corridors and buffer zones. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, Technical Series, 23, 100.
Bertuzzo, E., Suweis, S., Mari, L., Maritan, A., Rodríguez-Iturbe, I., & Rinaldo, A. (2011). Spatial effects on species persistence and implications for biodiversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(11), 4346–4351.
Bond, N. R., & Lake, P. S. (2003). Local habitat restoration in streams: Constraints on the effectiveness of restoration for stream biota. Ecological Management & Restoration, 4(3), 193–198.
Brown, J. H. (1971). Mammals on mountaintops: Nonequilibrium insular biogeography. The American Naturalist, 105(945), 467–478.
Colwell, R. K., & Rangel, T. F. (2009). Hutchinson’s duality: The once and future niche. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(2), 19651–19658.
Cushman, S. A., & Landguth, E. L. (2012). Multi-taxa population connectivity in the northern Rocky Mountains. Ecological Modelling, 231, 101–112.
De Jong, W. (2010). Forest rehabilitation and its implication for forest transition theory. Biotropica, 42(1), 3–9.
Elith, J., & Leathwick, J. R. (2009). Species distribution models: Ecological explanation and prediction across space and time. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 40(1), 677–697.
Elton, C. S. (1927). Animal ecology. London, UK: Sidgwick and Jackson.
Elton, C. S. (2001). Animal ecology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Elton, C. S., & Miller, R. S. (1954). The ecological survey of animal communities: With a practical system of classifying habitats by structural characters. Journal of Ecology, 42(2), 460–496.
Fahrig, L. (2002). Effect of habitat fragmentation on the extinction threshold: A synthesis. Ecological Applications, 12(2), 346–353.
Flather, C. H., Hayward, G. D., Beissinger, S. R., & Stephens, P. A. (2011). Minimum viable populations: Is there a ‘Magic Number’ for conservation practitioners? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 26, 307–316.
Franklin, I. R. (1980). Evolutionary changes in small populations. In M. E. Soulé & B. M. Wilcox (Eds.), Conservation biology an evolutionary-ecological perspective (pp. 135–149). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.
Franklin, J. (2010). Mapping species distribution: Spatial inference and prediction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Gerber, B. D., Karpanty, S. M., & Randrianantenaina, J. (2012). The impact of forest logging and fragmentation on carnivore species composition, density and occupancy in Madagascar’s rainforests. Oryx, 46, 414–422.
Grinnell, J. (1904). The origin and distribution of the chestnut-backed chickadee. The Auk, 21(3), 364–378.
Grinnell, J. (1917). The niche-relationships of the California thrasher. The Auk, 34(4), 427–433.
Grinnell, J. (1924). Geography and evolution. Ecology, 5(3), 225–229.
Guisan, A., & Zimmermann, E. N. (2000). Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology. Ecological Modelling, 135(2), 147–186.
Hanski, I., & Gilpin, M. (1991). Metapopulation dynamics: Brief history and conceptual domain. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 42, 3–16.
Harmon, L. J., & Braude, S. (2010). Conservation of small populations: Effective population size, inbreeding, and the 50/500 rule. In S. Braude & S. B. Low (Eds.), An introduction to methods and models in ecology and conservation biology (pp. 125–138). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Harris, L. D. (1984). The fragmented forest: Island biogeography theory and preservations of biotic diversity. Chicago, IL: University Chicago Press.
Hirzel, A., & Le Lay, G. (2008). Habitat suitability modelling and niche theory. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45, 372–1381.
Holden, M. (2008). The effect of habitat fragmentation on population persistence in spatially heterogeneous landscapes. Davis, CA: Department of Mathematics, University of California. Retrieved from. https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/files/6413/5795/0380/HoldenThesis.pdf
Holt, R. D. (2009). Bringing the Hutchinsonian niche into the 21st century: Ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 19659–19665.
Holyoak, M. (2000). Habitat patch arrangement and metapopulation persistence of predator and prey. The American Naturalist, 156, 4.
Hutchinson, G. E. (1957). Concluding remarks. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 22(2), 415–427.
Hutchinson, G. E. (1965). Ecological theatre and the evolutionary play. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Hutchinson, G. E. (1978). An introduction to population biology. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
IUCN. (2007). Connectivity conservation: International experience in planning, establishment and management of biodiversity corridors. Bangkok, Thailand: IUCN Regional Protected Areas Programme.
Johnson, K. N., Agee, J., Beschta, R., Dale, V., Hardesty, L., Long, J., … Trosper, R. (1999). Sustaining the people’s lands: Recommendations for stewardship of the national forests and grasslands into the next century. Journal of Forestry, 97(5), 6–12.
Johnstone, C., Reina, R., & Lill, A. (2010). Impact of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation on population health in a small, carnivorous marsupial. Journal of Mammalogy, 91, 1332–1341.
Khatibi, M., & Sheikholeslami, R. (2016). Ecological niche theory: A brief review of Khorasan provinces, Iran. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 7(6), 297–303.
Knaepkens, G., Bervoets, L., Verheyen, E., & Eens, M. (2004). Relationship between population size and genetic diversity in endangered populations of the European bullhead (Cottus gobio): Implications for conservation. Biological Conservation, 115(3), 403–410.
Lacy, R. C. (2019). Lessons from 30 years of population viability analysis of wildlife populations. Zoo biology, 38: 67–77.
LeBuhn, G., & Miller, Th. E. (2014). Population viability. Retrieved from http://accessscience.com/content/757600
Levins, R. (1969). Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America, 15, 237–240.
Levins, R. (1970). Extinctions. Some mathematical questions in biology: Lectures on mathematics in the life sciences. American Mathematical Society, 2, 77–107.
Lockwood, M., Worboys, G. L., & Kothari, A. (2006). Managing protected areas: A global guide. London, UK: Earthscan.
McEuen, A. (1993). The wildlife corridor controversy: A review. Endangered Species Update, 10, 11–12.
Meffe, G. K., & Carroll, C. R. (1997). Principles of conservation biology (2nd ed., p. 729). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer and Associates Inc.
Mesdaghi, M. (2012). Statistical and regression methods (1st ed.). Mashhad, Iran: Imam Reza International University Press.
Michalski, F., & Peres, C. A. (2005). Anthropogenic determinants of primate and carnivore local extinctions in a fragmented forest landscape of southern Amazonia. Biological Conservation, 124, 383–396.
Miller, J. (2010). Species distribution modeling. Geography Compass, 4(6), 490–509.
Moilanen, A., Franco, A. M., Early, R. I., Fox, R., Wintle, B., & Thomas, C. D. (2005). Prioritizing multiple-use landscapes for conservation: Methods for large multi-species planning problems. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 272(1575), 1885–1891.
Newmark, W. D. (1987). A land-bridge island perspective on mammalian extinctions in western north American parks. Nature, 325(6103), 430–432.
Niebuhr, B. B., Wosniack, M. E., Santos, M. C., Raposo, E. P., Viswanathan, G. M., Da Luz, M. G., & Pie, M. R. (2015). Survival in patchy landscapes: The interplay between dispersal, habitat loss and fragmentation. Scientific Reports, 5, 11898.
Noss, R. F., & Cooperrider, A. Y. (1994). Saving nature’s legacy: Protecting and restoring biodiversity. Washington, DC: Defenders of Wildlife and Island Press.
Nouhuys, S. V. (2016). Metapopulation ecology. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Pearson, R. G., & Dawson, T. P. (2003). Predicting the impacts of climate change on the distribution of species: Are bioclimate envelope models useful? Global Ecology and Biogeography, 12(5), 361–371.
Peterson, A. T., & Soberón, J. (2012). Species distribution modeling and ecological niche modeling: Getting the concepts right. Natureza & Conservação, 10(2), 102–107.
Phillips, S. J., Dudik, M., & Schapire, R. E. (2004). A maximum entropy approach to species distribution modeling. In Proceedings from the 21st International Conference on Machine Learning (pp. 655–662). New York, NY: ACM Press.
Raj, K. (2010). Ecological niche theory. Journal of Human Ecology, 32(3), 175–182.
Reed, D. H., O’Grady, J. J., Brook, B. W., Ballou, J. D., & Frankham, R. (2003). Estimates of minimum viable population sizes for vertebrates and factors influencing those estimates. Biological Conservation, 113(1), 23–34.
Saunders, D. A., Hobbs, R. J., & Margules, C. R. (1991). Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: A review. Conservation Biology, 5(1), 18–32.
Schoener, T. W. (2009). The ecological niche. In S. A. Levin (Ed.), The Princeton guide to ecology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Shaffer, M. L. (1981). Minimum population sizes for species conservation. Bioscience, 31, 131–134.
Sillero, N. (2011). What does ecological modelling model? A proposed classification of ecological niche models based on their underlying methods. Ecological Modelling, 222(8), 1343–1346.
Soberόn, J., & Peterson, A. T. (2011). Ecological niche shifts and environmental space anisotropy: A cautionary note. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 82, 1348–1355.
Stockwell, D. R. B. (2006). Improving ecological niche models by data mining large environmental datasets for surrogate models. Ecological Modelling, 192, 188–196.
Temple, S. A. (1986). The problem of avian extinctions. Current Ornithology, 3, 453.
Theobald, D. M., Miller, J. R., & Hobbs, N. T. (1997). Estimating the cumulative effects of development on wildlife habitat. Landscape and Urban Planning, 39(1), 25–36.
Turner, I.M. (1996) Species loss in fragments of tropical rain forest: a review of the evidence. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33, 200– 209.
Turner, I. M., & Corlett, R. T. (1996). The conservation value of small, isolated fragments of lowland tropical rain forest. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 330–333.
Vold, T., & Buffett, D. A. (Eds.). (2008). Ecological concepts, principles and applications to conservation (p. 36). Biodiversity BC. Retrieved from www.biodiversitybc
Watson, M. L. (2005). The effects of roads on wildlife and habitats. Santa Fe, NM: Department of Game and Fish, Conservation Services Division.
Wilcox, B. A., & Murphy, D. D. (1985). Conservation strategy: The effects of fragmentation on extinction. The American Naturalist, 125(6), 879–887.
With, K. A. (1997). The application of neutral landscape models in conservation biology. Conservation Biology, 11(5), 1069–1080.
With, K. A., & King, A. W. (1999). Extinction thresholds for species in fractal landscapes. Conservation Biology, 13(2), 314–326.
Young, N., Carter, L., & Evangelista, P. (2011). A MaxEnt Model v3. 3.3 E-tutorial (ArcGIS v10). Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sanei, A. (2020). General Overview to the Research Programs in Part I. In: Sanei, A. (eds) Research and Management Practices for Conservation of the Persian Leopard in Iran. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28003-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28003-1_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-28001-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-28003-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)