Abstract
Indigenous people possess extensive knowledge of the environment they inhabit. Indigenous languages, a reserve of this knowledge, astound in turn with the number of ethnobiological categories encoded and the diversity of principles according to which they are organized. Even more confounding is the mosaic of languages that has crystalized in precontact South America, the fragments of which scientists try to piece together. The Moruca River in northwestern Guyana, inhabited by three linguistically unrelated peoples (the Lokono, Kari’na, and Warao), is one piece of this puzzle. Its multiethnic character renders it a perfect setting for the study of environmental adaptation and cultural exchange among indigenous peoples, two forces that may have played an important role in shaping the linguistic and cultural landscape of Amazonia. It is from this angle that ethnoprimatological knowledge and the related vocabulary are analyzed in this chapter. The data reveal that the three languages are highly sensitive to environmental pressures. The languages retain, borrow, and drop terms for primates, or even change their meanings, fine-tuning their lexical resources to the environmental niches, in which they have been spoken. The results also unravel patterns of areal convergence and borrowing of cultural practices involving primates. However, the linguistic and cultural borrowings do not align. The observed linguistic borrowings are cases of classic lexical borrowing motivated by the need to name unknown referents, independently of the cultural import of their referents.
Resumen
Los pueblos indígenas poseen un amplio conocimiento de los ambientes que habitan. Las lenguas indígenas, un reservorio de este conocimiento, sorprenden a su vez con el número de categorías etnobiológicas que contienen y la diversidad de principios conforme a los que están organizados. Aún más confuso es el mosaico de lenguas que se cristalizó en América del Sur antes de la colonización, cuyos fragmentos están intentando juntar los científicos amazonistas. El río Moruca, en el noroeste de Guyana, habitado por tres comunidades lingüísticamente distintas (los Lokono, los Kari’na, y los Warao) es una pieza de este rompecabezas. Su carácter multiétnico representa un marco ideal para el estudio de la adaptación ambiental y el intercambio cultural entre los pueblos indígenas; dos elementos que quizás han jugado un papel clave en la conformación del escenario lingüístico y cultural de la Amazonia. Desde este punto de vista se analizan en este capítulo el conocimiento etnoprimatológico a la luz del vocabulario. Los datos revelan que las tres lenguas son altamente sensibles a las presiones medioambientales. Las lenguas conservan, toman, y descartan términos de primates, o incluso cambian sus significados, ajustando sus recursos léxicos a sus nichos ecológicos. Los resultados también desentrañan patrones de áreas de convergencia e intercambio de prácticas culturales involucrando primates. Pero, la lingüística y los intercambios culturales no están nivelados. Los intercambios lingüísticos observados son casos clásicos de préstamos de léxicos motivados por la necesidad de nombrar referentes desconocidos, independientemente del componente cultural de sus referentes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbenhuis MF (1939) Arawakken in Suriname: enquête-materiaal voor een volkenkundige studie. Leo Victor, Paramaribo
Ahlbrinck W (1931) Encyclopaedie der Karaïben. Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam
Aikhenvald AY (2010) Language contact in Amazonia. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Aikhenvald AY, Brito C, Brito L et al (2001) Diconário Tariana - Português, Português - Tariana. Boletim Do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi Serie Antropologia 17:1
Amazon Conservation Team Suriname (2018) Biodiversity database Suriname. http://www.ethnobiobase.act-suriname.org. Accessed 24 May 2018
Amódio E, Pira V (2007) Makusi Maimu. Língua Makuxi: guia para a aprendizagem e dicionário Makuxi. Valer Editora, Manaus
Anderson EN, Pearsall D, Hunn ES, Turner N (2011) Ethnobiology. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken
Armellada C, Salazar MG (1981) Diccionario Pemón. Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, Caracas
Barral BM (1979) Diccionario Warao-Castellano, Castellano-Warao. Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, Caracas
Berlin B (1992) Ethnobiological classification: principles of categorization of plants and animals in traditional societies. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Bowern C, Epps P, Gray R et al (2011) Does lateral transmission obscure inheritance in hunter-gatherer languages? PLoS One 6:e25195. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025195
Breton R, Paisa M (1999) Dictionnaire caraïbe-français: 1665. Karthala, Paris
Brown BC (1877) Canoe and camp life in British Guiana. E. Stanford, London
Camargo E (2002) Léxico bilingüe aparai-português/português-aparai. Lincom Europa, Muenchen
Coretta S (2013) The phonology of Mawayana. MA thesis. Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia
Cormier L (2006) A preliminary review of neotropical primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland South American peoples. Ecol Environ Anthropol 2(1):14–32
Courtz H (2008) A Carib grammar and dictionary. Magoria Books, Toronto
Epps P, Michael L (2015) The areal linguistics of Amazonia. In: Hickey R (ed) Cambridge handbook of areal linguistics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 934–963
Eriksen L (2011) Nature and culture in prehistoric Amazonia: using G.I.S. to reconstruct ancient ethnogenetic processes from archeology, linguistics, geography, and ethnohistory. Ph.D. dissertation. Lund University, Lund
Farabee WC (1918) The Central Arawaks. The University Museum Anthropological Publications Vol. IX. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
Fleck DW, Harder JD (2000) Matses indian rainforest habitat classification and mammalian diversity in Amazonian Peru. J Ethnobiol 20:1):1–1)36
Goeje GH (1948) La langue manao (famille Arawak-Maipure). In: Actes Du XXVIII Congrès International de Américanistes, pp 157–171
Grenand F (1989) Dictionnaire wayãpi-français: lexique français-wayãpi: Guyane française. SELAF, Paris, Peeters
Haynie H, Bowern D, Epps P et al (2014) Wanderwörter in languages of the Americas and Australia. Ampersand 1:1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amper.2014.10.001
Heinen HD (1973) Adaptive changes in a tribal economy: a case study of the winikina-Warao. Ph.D dissertation. University of California, Los Angeles
Henfrey TB (2002) Ethnoecology, resource use, conservation and development in a Wapishana community in the south Rupununi, Guyana. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Kent, Canterbury
Hornborg A, Hill JD (2011) Ethnicity in ancient Amazonia: reconstructing past identities from archaeology, linguistics, and ethnohistory. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, CO
Hunn ES (1976) Toward a perceptual model of folk biological classification. Am Ethnol 3:508. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1976.3.3.02a00080
Hunn ES (1982) The utilitarian factor in folk biological classification. Am Anthropol 84:830. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1982.84.4.02a00070
Husson AM (1978) The mammals of Suriname. Zoölogische monographieën van het Rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie. Brill, Leiden
IUCN (2008a) Alouatta macconnelli: Boubli, J.-P., Di Fiore, A. & Mittermeier, R.A.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: E.T40642A10347360. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T40642A10347360.en
IUCN (2008b) Ateles paniscus: Mittermeier, R.A., Rylands, A.B. & Boubli, J.-P: The IUCN red list of threatened species 2008: E.T2283A9392691. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T2283A9392691.en
IUCN (2008c) Chiropotes chiropotes: Veiga, L.M., Silva Jr., J.S., Mittermeier, R.A. & Boubli, J.-P.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: E.T43891A10829879. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T43891A10829879.en
IUCN (2008d) Saguinus midas: Mittermeier, R.A., Rylands, A.B. & Boubli, J.-P.: The IUCN red list of threatened species 2008: E.T41525A10489882. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41525A10489882.en
IUCN (2008e) Saimiri sciureus: Boubli, J.-P., Rylands, A.B., de La Torre, S. & Stevenson, P.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: E.T41537A10494364. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41537A10494364.en
IUCN (2008f) Pithecia pithecia: Marsh, L.K., Mittermeier, R.A. & Veiga, L.M.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: E.T43942A115201263. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-1.RLTS.T43942A70609046.en
IUCN (2008g) Sapajus apella: Rylands, A.B., Boubli, J.-P., Mittermeier, R.A., Wallace, R.B. & Ceballos-Mago, N.: The IUCN red list of threatened species 2015: E.T39949A70610943. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-1.RLTS.T39949A70610943.en
IUCN (2015) Potos flavus: Helgen, K., Kays, R. & Schipper, J.: The IUCN red list of threatened species 2016: E.T41679A45215631. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41679A45215631.en
IUCN (2008h) Chiropotes albinasus: Veiga, L.M., Pinto, L.P., Ferrari, S.F., Rylands, A.B., Mittermeier, R.A. & Boubli, J.-P.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: E.T4685A11085894. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T4685A11085894.en
Kambel E-R, de Jong C (2006) Marauny na’na emandobo, Lokono shikwabana. I. Rosgal S.A, Uruguay
Kondo R (1983) La clasificacion de mamiferos y reptiles por los indigenas Guahibo, Cuiba, Piapoco y Yekuana. Articulos En Lingüistica y Campos Afines 12:93–131
Lehman SM (2004) Distribution and diversity of primates in Guyana: species-area relationships and riverine barriers. Int J Primatol 25(1):73–95
Lehman SM, Sussman RW, Phillips-Conroy J et al (2006) Ecological biogeography of primates in Guyana. In: Lehman SM, Fleagle JG (eds) . Primate biogeography. Springer, New York, pp 105–130
Linares OJ (1998) Mamíferos de Venezuela. Sociedad Conservacionista Audubon de Venezuela, Caracas
Lizarralde M (2002) Ethnoecology of monkeys among the Barí of Venezuela: perception, use and conservation. In: Fuentes A, Wolfe LD (eds) Primates face to face. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 85–100
Meira S, Muysken PC (2017) Cariban in contact: new perspectives on trio-Ndyuka pidgin. In: Yakpo K, Muysken PC (eds) Boundaries and bridges. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp 197–227
Mere Roncal C, Bowler M, Gilmore MP (2018) The ethnoprimatology of the Maijuna of the Peruvian Amazon and implications for primate conservation. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 14:19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0207-x
Mink E (1992) De muziek-, zang-, en danstraditie van de Arowak-Indianen; van Suriname naar Nederland. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
Mosonyi J (2002) Diccionario básico del idioma kariña. Fondo Editorial del Caribe, Barcelona (Venezuela)
Olsen DA (1996) Music of the Warao of Venezuela: song people of the rain forest. University Press of Florida, Gainesville
Penard FP, Penard AP (1907) De menschetende aanbidders der zonneslang. H.B. Heyde, Paramaribo
Posey DA (2002) Kayapó ethnoecology and culture. Studies in environmental anthropology 6. Routledge, London
Ramirez H (1992) Le bahuana une nouvelle langue de la famille arawak. Amerindia 17 (supplement 1)
Ramirez H (2001) Línguas arawak da Amazônia setentrional: comparação e descrição. Editora da Universidade, Manaus
Reinders M (1993) Medicinal plants and their uses and the ideas about illness and healing among the Warao of Guyana MA thesis. Utrecht University, Utrecht
Robayo C (1996) Datos actuales de la lengua carijona, equivalentes al documento de de Wavrin donde utiliza el cuestionario del instituto etnológico de París. In: Landaburu J (ed) Documentos sobre lenguas aborígenes de Colombia del archivo de Paul Rivet. Uniandes, CCELA, COLCIENCIAS, Santafé de Bogotá, pp 521–538
Romero-Figueroa A (1997) A reference grammar of Warao. Lincom Europa, Muenchen
Rose F, Vanhove M, Stolz T et al (2012) Borrowing of a Cariban number marker into three Tupi-Guarani languages. In: Vanhove M, Stolz T, Urdze A, Otsuka H (eds) Morphologies in contact. Akademie Verlag, Berlin, pp 37–69
Roth WE (1915) An inquiry into the animism and folk-lore of the Guiana Indians. Annual Report. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology 30. Government Printing Office, Washington
Roth WE (1924) An introductory study of the arts, crafts, and customs of the Guiana Indians. Government Printing Office, Washington
Rybka K (2015) State-of-the-art in the development of the Lokono language. Language Docum Conserv 9:110–113
Schomburgk R (1847) Reisen in Britisch-Guiana in den Jahren 1840–1844 : nebst einer Fauna und Flora Guiana’s nach Vorlagen von Johannes Müller, Ehrenberg, Erichson, Klotzsch, Troschel, Cabanis und Andern. J. J. Weber, Leipzig
Shepard GH (2002) Primates in Matsigenka subsistence and world view. In: Fuentes A, Wolfe LD (eds) Primates face to face. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 101–136
Staffeleu P (1975) Surinaamse zoogdiernamen. Zoologische Bijdragen 18:1–74
Urbani B, Cormier LA (2015) The ethnoprimatology of the howler monkeys (Alouatta spp.): from past to present. In: Kowalewski MM, Garber PA, Cortés-Ortiz L et al (eds) Howler monkeys. Springer New York, New York, pp 259–280
Voss RS, Fleck DW (2011) Mammalian diversity and Matses ethnomammalogy in Amazonian Peru. Part 1: Primates. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 351:1
Wilbert J (1970) Folk literature of the Warao indians. Narrative material and motif content. University of California, Los Angeles
Wilbert W (2001) Dau yarokota. Plantas medicinales Warao. Caracas: Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales. ICAS, Caracas
Acknowledgments
This chapter has been produced in close cooperation with the speakers of Lokono, Kari’na, and Warao from Santa Rosa, Manawarin, and Waramuri, respectively, whom the author wants to command on their knowledge and thank for sharing it with him. The author is also grateful to Lev Michael for discussions of the topic and comments on the first draft, as well as to the editors of the volume and the external reviewer for their feedback. The research leading to this publication was funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (project number 446-15-012).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rybka, K. (2020). Linguistic, Cultural, and Environmental Aspects of Ethnoprimatological Knowledge Among the Lokono, Kari’na, and Warao of the Moruca River (Guyana). In: Urbani, B., Lizarralde, M. (eds) Neotropical Ethnoprimatology. Ethnobiology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27504-4_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27504-4_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-27503-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-27504-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)