Before the Assembly and Parliament, 1920–1928

Cruickshank, Dan D.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27130-5_3

Dan D. Cruickshank⁴

Part of the book series: Christianities in the Trans-Atlantic World ((CTAW))

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Abstract

This chapter examines the final decade of the revision process. The first half of the chapter follows the revision process through the National/Church Assembly and the construction of the final revised Prayer Book. Throughout it argues for the pivotal role of Randall Davidson in guiding the process through its final decade. It also presents evidence that the final revised Prayer Book was the result of consultation with the laity and had the widespread support of the laity within the Church. The second half of the chapter examines the attempts to get the revised Prayer Book through Parliament and the immediate aftermath of the Parliamentary rejection. It concludes by looking at the radical ecclesiological thinking that emerged within the Church in response to the Parliamentary rejections.

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Notes

1.
National Assembly of the Church of England. Summer and Autumn Sessions, 1920. Report of Proceedings (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1921), 116.
2.
Ibid., 117–119.
3.
National Assembly of the Church of England. Summer Session, 1921. Report of Proceedings. Vol. II, No. 2 (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1921), 6.
4.
Ibid., 128; National Assembly of the Church of England. Autumn Session, 1921. Report of Proceedings. Vol. II, No. 3 (London: National Assembly of the Church of England and Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1921), 28.
5.
National Assembly of the Church of England. Spring Session, 1922. Report of Proceedings. Vol. III, No. 2 (London: National Assembly of the Church of England and Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1922), 39.
6.
Ibid., 40–41.
7.
Ibid., 41.
8.
John G. Maiden, National Religion and the Prayer Book Controversy, 1927–1928 (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2009), 45.
9.
National Assembly of the Church of England. Spring Session, 1922, 47.
10.
Ibid., 64.
11.
National Assembly of the Church of England. Spring Session, 1923. Report of Proceedings. Vol. IV. No. 1 (London: National Assembly of the Church of England and Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1923), 8.
12.
Ibid.
13.
National Assembly of the Church of England. Autumn Session, 1923. Report of Proceedings. Vol. IV. No. 3 (London: National Assembly of the Church of England and Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1923), 329.
14.
The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church, According to the Use of the Church of England Together with the Psalter or Psalms of David Pointed as They Are to Be Sung or Said in Churches and the Form and Manner of Making, Ordaining, and Consecrating of Bishops, Priests, and Deacons (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1923).
15.
Ibid., 270.
16.
Ibid., 270–271.
17.
Ibid., 271.
18.
Ibid., 272.
19.
Ibid., 277.
20.
Ibid., 288.
21.
Ibid., 289.
22.
Ibid., 295.
23.
Ibid., 370–371.
24.
Ibid., 371. This reference to rules made by “the Archbishops and Bishops in their Convocations” seems to suggest it does not include within its scope the Bishops’ Meetings, where most of the Bishoprics decisions regarding reservation were actually made.
25.
Donald Gray, The 1927–28 Prayer Book Crisis: (2) The Cul-De-Sac of the “Deposited Book” … Until Further Order Be Taken, Joint Liturgical Studies 61 (London: The Alcuin Club and the Group for Renewal of Worship, 2006), 4–10.
26.
Nigel Yates, Anglican Ritualism in Victorian Britain, 1830–1910 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 346.
27.
J.D. Martell, “The Prayer Book Controversy 1927–28” (MA Thesis: Durham University, 1974), 28–33.
28.
A New Prayer Book: Proposals for the Revision of the Book of Common Prayer and for Additional Services and Prayers, Drawn up by a Group of Clergy, Second Edition Revised (London: Humphrey Milford, 1923), 9–18.
29.
Ibid., 27.
30.
Bishops’ Meeting 8, 22.
31.
Ibid.
32.
National Assembly of the Church of England. Autumn Session, 1923, 336.
33.
Ibid., 363–366.
34.
Ibid., 330.
35.
Ibid., 408.
36.
Church Assembly. Spring Session, 1924. Report of Proceedings. Vol. V. No. 1 (London: National Assembly of the Church of England and Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1924), 53–54.
37.
Ibid., 72.
38.
National Assembly of the Church of England. Summer Session, 1921, 4–5.
39.
Church Assembly. Summer Session, 1924. Report of Proceedings. Vol. V. No. 2 (London: National Assembly of the Church of England and Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1924), 198.
40.
Church Assembly. Spring Session, 1925. Report of Proceedings. Vol. VI. No. 1 (London: National Assembly of the Church of England and Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1925), 136.
41.
Ibid., 138.
42.
Wilbrahan to Davidson, 7 March 1925; Davidson Papers, vol. 448, fol. 209. Emphasis in original.
43.
Church Assembly. Summer Session, 1925. Report of Proceedings. Vol. VI. No. 2 (London: National Assembly of the Church of England and Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1925), 367.
44.
Ibid., 373.
45.
Ibid., 373–374.
46.
Ibid., 388.
47.
Ibid.
48.
The record of the Bishops’ Meeting does not record the exact membership of the committee. Bishops’ Meeting 8, 65.
49.
Confidential. Church Assembly. House of Bishops. Notes of an Interview with the Conference Committee of the House of Clergy held on Thursday, January 14, 1926, at 2.30.p.m.; Lang Papers vol. 57, ff. 61–62.
50.
Ibid., fol. 68.
51.
Church Assembly. House of Bishops. Note of an interview with the Conference Committee of the House of Laity held on Monday, January 19th, 1926, at 2.30 p.m.; Lang Papers, vol. 57, ff. 69–75.
52.
It appears that Lang’s personal notes on the revision process are contained within one notebook (Lang Papers, vol. 211), but due to difficulty with deciphering Lang’s handwriting, I have been unable to properly look at these notes.
53.
The Chronicle of Convocation Being a Record of the Proceedings of the Convocation of Canterbury, The Seventh Georgio Quinto Regnante, The Upper and Lower Houses in the Sessions of February 7, 22–25, and March 29 and 30, 1927 (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1927), 1.
54.
Pollock to Davidson, 17 January 1927; Davidson Papers, vol. 450, fol. 18.
55.
Chronicle of Convocation February and March 1927, 3.
56.
Ibid., 4.
57.
Ibid.
58.
Ibid., 4–5.
59.
Ibid., 5.
60.
Ibid., 7.
61.
Ibid., 13.
62.
Ibid., 18.
63.
Ibid., 33–39.
64.
National Assembly of the Church of England. Book Proposed to Be Annexed to the Prayer Book Measure 192-: Provisional, Subject to Further Revision by the House of Bishops (Issued Feb. 7th, 1927)/The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments & Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church: According to the Use of the Church of England Together with the Form and Manner of Making, Ordaining, and Consecrating of Bishops, Priests and Deacons: The Book of 1662 with Permissive Additions & Deviations Approved in 1927 (London: Oxford University Press and Cambridge University Press, 1927).
65.
Ibid., 236.
66.
Ibid., 242–243.
67.
Ibid., 302.
68.
Ibid.
69.
Chronicle of Convocation February and March 1927, 55.
70.
The York Journal of Convocation Containing the Acts and Debates of the Convocation of the Province of York, in the Sessions of February 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 1927 (York: W.H. Smith & Son, 1927), 12.
71.
Ibid., 17, 21.
72.
Potentially Beresford Kidd, Warden of Keeble College.
73.
Chronicle of Convocation February and March 1927, 148–149.
74.
The votes by House were: Canterbury, UH For 21, Against 4, LH For 168, Against 22, York UH Unanimously For, LH For 68, Against 10. Ibid., 161. The percentages are: Cant. UH For 84% Against 16%, LH For 88.42% Against 11.58%, York UH For 100%, LH For 87.18% Against 12.82%.
75.
Church Assembly. Summer Session, 1927. Report of Proceedings. Vol. VIII. No. 2 (London: National Assembly of the Church of England and Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1927), 98.
76.
G.K.A. Bell, Randall Davidson: Archbishop of Canterbury, Third Edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1952), 1356.
77.
J.G. Lockhart, Cosmo Gordon Lang (London: Hodder and Stoughton Limited, 1949), 300.
78.
Church Assembly. Summer Session, 1927, 99–100.
79.
Ibid., 100–101.
80.
Ibid., 103.
81.
Ibid., 104. There is no suggestion in the record that these votes were in anyway binding on the Church, instead they seem to have been voluntary consultative votes.
82.
Ibid.
83.
Ibid., 108.
84.
Ibid., 109.
85.
Ibid.
86.
Ibid., 110.
87.
Ibid., 115.
88.
Ibid., 116.
89.
Ibid.
90.
Ibid.
91.
Ibid., 117.
92.
Dan D. Cruickshank, “Debating the Legal Status of the Ornaments Rubric: Ritualism and Royal Commissions in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century England,” Studies in Church History 56 (2020) [in press].
93.
Church Assembly. Summer Session, 1927, 124.
94.
See Chap. 1 of this book.
95.
Ibid., 130.
96.
Maiden, National Religion.
97.
Ibid., 151.
98.
Church Assembly. Summer Session, 1927, 188.
99.
Ibid., 191.
100.
Ibid., 196.
101.
Voting results were: Bishops For 34 (89.47%), Against 4 (10.53%), Clergy For 253 (87.24%), Against (12.76%), Laity For 230 (71.43%), Against (28.57%). Ibid.
102.
Ibid.
103.
Maiden, National Religion, 44–45.
104.
Ibid., 71.
105.
Ibid.
106.
Ibid.
107.
Martell is very good at showing how Protestant opposition organisations relied on the support of non-Conformists, see Martell, “The Prayer Book Controversy 1927–28,” 80–130.
108.
Adrian Hastings, A History of English Christianity, 1920–1990 (London: SCM Press, 1991), 206.
109.
Hugh Cecil to Davidson, 29 July 1927; Davidson Papers, vol. 452, fol. 293.
110.
Ibid.
111.
Davidson to Lang, 29 July 1927; Davidson Papers, vol. 452, fol. 292.
112.
For a thorough account of Lang’s involvement in the abdication crisis see: Robert Beaken, Cosmo Lang: Archbishop in War and Crisis (London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 2012), 86–142.
113.
Lang to Davidson, 2 August 1927; Davidson Papers, vol. 453, fol. 8.
114.
Lang to Davidson, 10 August 1927; Davidson Papers, vol. 453, fol. 26.
115.
Davidson to Lang, 5 August 1927; Davidson Papers, vol. 453, fol. 20.
116.
Martell, “The Prayer Book Controversy 1927–28,” 183–184.
117.
Davidson to Lang, 20 October 1927; Davidson Papers, vol. 453, fol. 238.
118.
Bell, Davidson, 1319.
119.
Ibid., 1319–1321.
120.
Hastings, A History of English Christianity, 208.
121.
Ibid.
122.
Ibid., 209. This argument seems to be based on a conflation of sections of the Appeal to All Christian People from Lambeth 1920, which had included how Anglicanism and other Churches could recognise each other’s orders as having their “place in the one family life” and a letter between Davidson and Mercier in which Davidson stated that with the Roman Catholic delegates now having a level of Papal approval, “the position of the members of the Church of England who take part as your guests in the discussions to which Your Eminence invites them, corresponds to the position accorded to the Roman Catholic members of the group, and that the responsibilities, such as they are, which attach to such conversations are thus shared in equal degree by all who take part in them” (emphasis added). This is a rather cagy reply, which does not give the group the status of official representatives of the Church, but rather seems to emphasise the shared responsibility of those present for whatever is said and done at the Conversations, but there is no sense that this responsibility extends to the two Churches themselves. See Bell, Davidson, 1256 and 1259.
123.
Bell shows quite clearly that Davidson when first approached by Halifax was only asked to give a letter of introduction to the Cardinal on behalf of Halifax, and Davidson was quite clear in the letter that “Lord Halifax does not go in any sense as an ambassador or formal representative of the Church of England”, going on to make clear that “Anything that he says therefore would be an expression of his personal opinion rather than an authoritative statement of the position of the Church of England”. See Bell, Davidson, 1255. Humility was not Halifax’s strong point, so it is not all that surprising he took this rather reluctant letter of approval as Archiepiscopal blessing, though it does say something of perhaps the naivety of Davidson of allowing a man who had previously boasted to Davidson of the illegality taking place in his private chapel to run away to Belgium to conduct talks with the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church.
124.
Hastings, A History of English Christianity, 209.
125.
Bell, Davidson, 1261–1299.
126.
Ibid., 1301. Thomas Inskip was a Conservative MP and one of the leading figures of the anti-revision campaign.
127.
No mention was made in these discussions of the major Parliamentary reforms that had taken place in the previous decade with the Representation of the People Act 1918, which saw the enfranchisement of all men over 21 and to certain women aged over 28 who fulfilled certain property criteria. Nor was any mention made of the growth of the Labour Party since the election of 1922, who were now the second largest party in the Commons. See: Robert Blackburn, “Laying the Foundations of the Modern Voting System: The Representation of the People Act 1918,” Parliamentary History 30 (2011): 33–52; Keith Laybourn, “Labour In and Out of Government, 1923–35,” in The Labour Party: A Centenary History, ed. Brian Brivati and Richard Heffernan (Houndmills, Basingstoke and London: Macmillan Press, 2000), 50–67.
128.
James Gascoyne-Cecil to Davidson, 18 October 1927; Davidson Papers, vol. 453, fol. 222.
129.
Ibid., fol. 223.
130.
“House of Bishops. Prayer Book Measure, 192-. [C.A. 230.]: Memorandum Explaining Drafting Changes Made in the Measure,” in Church Assembly. Prayer Book Measure, 192-: Provisional Draft - Subject to Further Revision by the House of Bishops (Issued Feb. 7, 1927) (London: Church Assembly and Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1927), 2.
131.
The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments & Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church; According to the Use of the Church of England Together with the Form and Manner of Making, Ordaining, and Consecrating of Bishops, Priests, and Deacons. The Book of 1662 with Additions & Deviations Approved in 1927 (London: Oxford University Press, 1927), 283.
132.
MS Laid in Book Referred to In the Prayer Book Measure, H5147.4, Printed for the information of Members of Convocation. Proposed Rules concerning Reservation, March 1927.
133.
HL Deb. 12 December 1927 vol. 69, c. 772.
134.
Ibid.
135.
Ibid.
136.
Ibid.
137.
Ibid., cc. 785–786.
138.
Ibid., c. 780.
139.
Ibid., c. 791.
140.
Ibid., c. 813.
141.
HL Deb. 13 December 1927, vol. 69, c. 914.
142.
HL Deb. 12 December 1927, vol. 69, c. 796.
143.
Ibid., c. 807.
144.
HL Deb. 13 December 1927, vol. 69, c. 843.
145.
Ibid., c. 867.
146.
Ibid.
147.
Ibid., cc. 910–911.
148.
HL Deb. 14 December 1927, vol. 69, c. 986.
149.
Stamfordham to Davidson, 15 December 1927: Davidson Papers, vol. 454, fol. 152.
150.
Maiden, National Religion, 141.
151.
Ibid., 142.
152.
HC Deb. 15 December 1927, vol. 211, c. 2537.
153.
Ibid., c. 2541.
154.
Gray, The 1927–28 Prayer Book Crisis: (2), 30.
155.
HC Deb. 15 December 1927, vol. 211, c. 2544.
156.
Ibid., c. 2545.
157.
Ibid., c. 2570.
158.
Ibid., c. 2634.
159.
Ibid., c. 2649.
160.
Ibid., c. 2589.
161.
Ibid., c. 2589.
162.
Maiden, National Religion, 145.
163.
HC Deb. 15 December 1927, vol. 211, c. 2560.
164.
Ibid., c. 2562.
165.
Ibid., c. 2622.
166.
Ibid., c. 2643.
167.
Maiden, National Religion, 148.
168.
Robert Currie, “Power and Principle: The Anglican Prayer Book Controversy, 1927–1930,” Church History 33 (1964), 194.
169.
James Kirby, Historians and the Church of England: Religion and Historical Scholarship, 1870–1920 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 165.
170.
Ibid., 217.
171.
A.J.P. Taylor, English History, 1914–1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965), 259.
172.
HC Deb. 15 December 1927, vol. 211, c. 2652. There is much more to be said about how the actions of the hierarchy of the Church during the General Strike influenced Labour opposition to the Prayer Book, but it is not directly relevant to the arguments of this study and so space has not been found to do so here.
173.
For an idea of how dechristianised the UK was at this time, Currie, Gilbert, and Horsley estimate that in 1927 there were just over 14,600,000 church goers in the UK out of a population of just over 48 million. See Robert Currie, Alan Gilbert, and Lee Horsley, Churches and Churchgoers: Patterns of Church Growth in the British Isles Since 1700 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), 31.
174.
HC Deb. 15 December 1927, vol. 22, c. 2652.
175.
R.C.D. Jasper, The Development of the Anglican Liturgy, 1662–1980 (London: SPCK, 1989), 145.
176.
Official Statement on the Prayer Book Measure; Davidson Papers, vol. 454, ff. 155–159.
177.
Memorandum by Hugh Cecil, 17 December 1927; Davidson Papers, vol. 454, fol. 208.
178.
Ibid., fol. 209.
179.
Bishops’ Meeting 8, 172.
180.
Ibid.
181.
Ibid.
182.
Gary W. Graber, “Reforming Ecclesiastical Self-Government Within the Establishment,” in Change and Transformation: Essays in Anglican History, ed. Thomas P. Power (Eugene: Pickwick Publications, 2013), 231–232.
183.
Bishops’ Meeting 8, 174.
184.
Ibid.
185.
Ibid.
186.
The Book of Common Prayer With the Additions and Deviations Proposed in 1928 (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, n.d.), 465.
187.
Church Assembly. Spring Session, 1928. Report of Proceedings. Vol. IX. No. 1 (London: National Assembly of the Church of England and Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1928), 3.
188.
Bell, Davidson, 393.
189.
Church Assembly. Spring Session, 1928, 6.
190.
Ibid.
191.
Ibid., 11.
192.
Voting figures were as follows: Bishops For 35, Against 5, Clergy For 247, Against 35, Laity For 196, Against 80. Ibid., 20–21.
193.
The Chronicle of Convocation Being a Record of the Proceedings of the Convocation of Canterbury, The Seventh Georgio Quinto Regnante, The Upper and Lower Houses in the Sessions of March 28 and 29, 1928 (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1928), 4–5.
194.
The Book of Common Prayer With the Additions and Deviations Proposed in 1928, 332.
195.
The York Journal of Convocation. Report of Proceedings at a Sitting Together of the Two Houses of the Convocations of the Two Provinces of Canterbury and York at the Church House, Westminster, on Wednesday, 28th March & Thursday, 29th March, 1928 (York: W.H. Smith & Son, 1928), 20.
196.
Ibid., 22–23.
197.
Chronicle of Convocation March 1928, 80.
198.
Ibid., 79.
199.
Canterbury For 126, Against 28, York For 50, Against 19. Ibid., 115; York Journal of Convocation March, 1928, 63.
200.
Church Assembly. Special Session, 1928. Report of Proceedings. Vol. IX. No. 2 (London: National Assembly of the Church of England and Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1928), 49.
201.
Ibid.
202.
Ibid., 58.
203.
Ibid.
204.
Ibid., 73.
205.
Ibid., 78–79.
206.
Ibid., 83.
207.
Total votes For 396 (72.13%), Against 153 (27.87%). Votes by House: Bishops For 32, Against 2, Clergy For 183, Against 59, Laity For 181, Against 92. The House of Laity thus had the lowest majority for the measure at 66.3% For and 33.7% Against. Ibid., 196.
208.
HC Deb 13 June 1928, vol. 218, c. 1003.
209.
Ibid.
210.
Ibid., c. 1011.
211.
Ibid., c. 1016.
212.
Ibid., c. 1028.
213.
Ibid., c. 1029.
214.
Ibid.
215.
Ibid., c. 1056.
216.
Ibid.
217.
Ibid., c. 1083.
218.
Ibid.
219.
Ibid.
220.
Ibid., c. 1125. It is worth noting that in both votes the defeat was secured by the votes of non-English MPs, with the measure supported by a majority of English MPs in both votes. The serious implication this had, that the Church of England was thus the representative Church of the entire UK and lay people from all four of its constituent nations had an equal say it its running, was never seriously discussed. It is unlikely that Scottish Presbyterian MPs, such as Mitchell, would be willing to concede that the Church of Scotland was less of a state Church than the Church of England, or that English MPs should have a say in the governance of the Scottish Kirk.
221.
HC Deb. 14 June 1928, vol. 218, c. 1257.
222.
Ibid.
223.
Ibid., c. 1201.
224.
Ibid., c. 1265.
225.
Ibid., c. 1264.
226.
Ibid., c. 1267.
227.
Ibid., c. 1320.
228.
‘The Prayer Book Situation’, 15 June 1928; Davidson Papers, vol. 455, fol. 253.
229.
Greig to Davidson, 15 June 1928; Davidson Papers, vol. 455, fol. 257.
230.
Ibid., fol. 259.
231.
Ibid.
232.
Ibid., fol. 261.
233.
Ibid.
234.
Viscount Wolmer to Davidson, 21 June 1928; Davidson Papers, vol. 456, fol. 82.
235.
Edward Keble Talbort to Edward Stuart Talbort, 15 June 1928; Davidson Papers, vol. 456, fol. 79.
236.
Currie, “Power and Principle: The Anglican Prayer Book Controversy, 1927–1930,” 195.
237.
Davidson’s Notes on Bishops’ Meeting, 27 June 1928; Davidson Papers, vol. 456, fol. 136.
238.
Ibid.
239.
Bishops’ Meeting 8, 177–178.
240.
Church Assembly. Summer Session, 1928. Report of Proceedings. Vol. IX. No. 3 (London: National Assembly of the Church of England and Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1928), 114.
241.
Ibid., 114–115.
242.
Ibid., 115.
243.
Ibid., 118.
244.
Ibid., 119.
245.
Ibid., 119–120.
246.
Ibid., 120.
247.
Bell, Davidson, 1363–1364.
248.
Bishops’ Meeting 8, 189–191.
249.
Will Adam, Legal Flexibility and the Mission of the Church: Dispensation and Economy in Ecclesiastical Law (Farnham and Burlington: Ashgate, 2011), 136.
250.
Ian Machin, “Reservation under Pressure: Ritual in the Prayer Book Crisis, 1927–1928,” Studies in Church History 35 (1999): 463.
251.
Karl Marx, “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,” in Karl Marx, Frederick Engels, Collected Works: Volume 11 (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1979), 103.

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University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Dan D. Cruickshank

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Cruickshank, D.D. (2019). Before the Assembly and Parliament, 1920–1928. In: The Theology and Ecclesiology of the Prayer Book Crisis, 1906–1928. Christianities in the Trans-Atlantic World. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27130-5_3

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27130-5_3
Published: 13 September 2019
Publisher Name: Palgrave Pivot, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-27129-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-27130-5
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