Abstract
A cockpit (also called a flight deck) is an interactive environment of an aircraft that enables both pilot and first officer to monitor and control the aircraft systems. Allowing the crew to control aircraft systems through display units by using a keyboard and cursor control unit is one of the main features in the new generation of cockpits based on the ARINC 661 standard. Aircraft manufacturers are now investigating the deployment of touch interactions in future cockpits and ARINC 661 standard (supplement 7) extends it for that purpose. While touch interactions have demonstrated benefits in terms of performance (from the user point of view), their dependability is an important issue that has not been addressed so far. This paper proposes an interaction technique for touch devices called Brace Touch that aims at increasing the dependability of touch interactions by providing solutions to address development, natural and operation faults.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Albinsson, P.A., Zhai, S.: High precision touch screen interaction. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI Conference, pp. 105–112 (2003)
Accot, J., Chatty, S., Maury, S., Palanque, P.: Formal transducers: models of devices and building bricks for the design of highly interactive systems. In: Harrison, M.D., Torres, J.C. (eds) Design, Specification and Verification of Interactive Systems 1997. Eurographics, pp. 143–159. Springer, Vienna (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6878-3_10
ARINC 661 Cockpit Display System Interfaces to User Systems. ARINC Specification 661. Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee (AEEC) (2002)
ARINC 661. Cockpit display system interfaces to user systems. ARINC Specification 661, supplement 7 (April 2019). Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee (AEEC) (2019)
Au, O.K.C., Tai, C.L.: Multitouch finger registration and its applications. In: ACM CHI Conference, pp. 41–48 (2010)
Avizienis, A., Laprie, J.-C., Randell, B., Landwehr, C.: Basic concepts and taxonomy of dependable and secure computing. IEEE Trans. Dependable Secure Comput. 1(1), 11–33 (2004)
Bailly, G., Lecolinet, E., Guiard, Y.: Finger-count & radial-stroke shortcuts: 2 techniques for augmenting linear menus on multi-touch surfaces. In: ACM CHI Conference, pp. 591–594 (2010)
Barbé, J., Chatrenet, N., et al.: Physical ergonomics approach for touch screen interaction in an aircraft cockpit. In: Conference on Interaction Homme-Machine (IHM), pp. 9–16. ACM DL (2012)
Barboni, E., Conversy, S., Navarre, D., Palanque, P.: Model-based engineering of widgets, user applications and servers compliant with ARINC 661 specification. In: Doherty, G., Blandford, A. (eds.) DSV-IS 2006. LNCS, vol. 4323, pp. 25–38. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69554-7_3
Bass, L., et al.: The arch model: Seeheim revisited. In: User Interface Developers’ Workshop, April 1991
Cockburn, A., et al.: Turbulent touch: Touchscreen input for cockpit flight displays. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI Conference, pp. 6742–6753 (2017)
Cockburn, A., et al.: Design and evaluation of brace touch for touchscreen input stabilisation. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 122(21–37), 7 (2019)
DO-178C/ED-12C, Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification, published by RTCA and EUROCAE (2012)
Dodd, S., Lancaster, J., Miranda, A., Grothe, S., DeMers, B., Rogers, B.: Touch screens on the flight deck: the impact of touch target size, spacing, touch technology and turbulence on pilot performance. In: Proceedings of the HFES Annual Meeting, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 6–10 (2014)
Ewerling, P., Kulik, A., Froehlich, B.: Finger and hand detection for multi-touch interfaces based on maximally stable extremal regions. In: ACM TEI Conference, pp. 173–182 (2012)
Fayollas, C., Palanque, P., Fabre, J-C., Martinie, C., Déléris, Y.: Dealing with faults during operations: beyond classical use of formal methods. In: [19], pp. 549–575 (2017)
Fayollas, C., Martinie, C., Palanque, P., Deleris, Y., Fabre, J.-C., Navarre, D.: An approach for assessing the impact of dependability on usability: application to interactive cockpits. In: IEEE European Dependable Computing Conference (EDCC), pp. 198–209 (2014)
Fayollas, C., Martinie, C., Palanque, P., Barboni, E., Fahssi, R., Hamon, A.: Exploiting action theory as a framework for analysis and design of formal methods approaches: application to the CIRCUS integrated development environment. In: [19], pp. 465–504
Weyers, B., Bowen, J., Dix, A., Palanque, P. (eds.): The Handbook of Formal Methods in Human-Computer Interaction. HIS. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51838-1
Genrich, H.J.: Predicate/transitions nets. In: Jensen, K., Rozenberg, G. (eds) High-Levels Petri Nets: Theory and Application. Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 3–43 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84524-6_1
Hamon-Keromen, A., Palanque, P., Deleris, Y., Navarre, D., Barboni, E.: A tool-supported development process for bringing touch interactions into interactive cockpits for controlling embedded critical systems. In: HCI in Aeronautics (HCI’Aero), pp. 25–36. ACM DL (2012)
Hamon-Keromen, A., Palanque, P., Silva, J.-L., Deleris, Y., Barboni, E.: Formal description of multi-touch interactions. In: ACM Engineering Interactive Computing Systems, pp. 207–216 (2013)
Harrison, C., Schwarz, J., Hudson, S.E.: TapSense: enhancing finger interaction on touch surfaces. In: Proceedings on ACM UIST Conference, pp. 627–636. ACM (2011)
Hutchins, E., Lauwsen, T.: Distributed cognition in an airline cockpit. In: Engeström, Y., Middleton, D. (Eds) Cognition and Communication at work. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1996)
ISO 9241-9:2010 Usability - Part 9: Requirements for non-keyboard input devices (2010)
Karat, J., McDonald, J., Anderson, M.: A comparison of selection techniques: touch panel, mouse, keyboard. Int. J. Man-Mach. Stud. 1, 73–92 (1986)
Kin, K., Hartmann, B., Agrawala, M.: Two-handed marking menus for multitouch devices. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. (TOCHI) 18(3), 16 (2011)
Marquardt, N., Kiemer, J., Ledo, D., Boring, S., Greenberg, S.: Designing user-, hand-, and handpart-aware tabletop interactions with the TouchID toolkit. In: Proceedings of ACM TEI, pp. 21–30 (2011)
Memon, A.M.: An event-flow model of GUI-based applications for testing. Softw. Test. Verif. Reliab. 17, 137–157 (2007)
Navarre, D., Palanque, P., Basnyat, S.: A formal approach for user interaction reconfiguration of safety critical interactive systems. In: Harrison, M.D., Sujan, M.-A. (eds.) SAFECOMP 2008. LNCS, vol. 5219, pp. 373–386. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87698-4_31
Navarre, D., Palanque, P., Ladry, J.F., Barboni, E.: ICOs: a model-based user interface description technique dedicated to interactive systems addressing usability, reliability and scalability. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. 16(4), 18 (2009)
Olwal, A., Feiner, S.: Rubbing the fisheye: precise touch-screen interaction with gestures and fisheye views. In: Conference Supplement of UIST 2003, pp. 83–84 (2003)
Palanque, P., Barboni, E., Martinie, C., Navarre, D., Winckler, M.: A model-based approach for supporting engineering usability evaluation of interaction techniques. In: Conference on ACM Engineering Interactive Computing Systems (EICS 2011), pp. 21–30 (2011)
Potter, R.L., Weldon, L.J., Shneiderman, B.: Improving the accuracy of touchscreens: an experimental evaluation of three strategies. In: Proceedings of CHI 1988, pp. 27–32 (1988)
Reason, J.: Human Error. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1990)
Shneiderman, B.: Touchscreens now offer compelling uses. In: Sparks of Innovation in Human-Computer Interaction. Ablex, Norwood (1993)
Sugiura, A., Koseki, Y.: A user interface using fingerprint recognition: holding commands and data objects on fingers. In: Proceedings of ACM UIST Conference, pp. 71–79 (1998)
Stanton, N., et al.: Predicting design induced pilot error using HET (Human Error Template) – a new formal human error identification method for flight decks. J. Aeronaut. Sci. 110, 107–115 (2006)
Tankeu-Choitat, A., Navarre, D., Palanque, P., Deleris, Y., Fabre, J.-C., Fayollas, C.: Self-checking components for dependable interactive cockpits using formal description techniques. In: IEEE Pacific Rim Dependable Computing Conference, pp. 164–173 (2011)
Walker, G.: A review of technologies for sensing contact location on the surface of a display. J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 20(8), 413–440 (2012)
Wang, F., Cao, X., Ren, X., Irani, P.: Detecting and leveraging finger orientation for interaction with direct-touch surfaces. In: Proceedings of ACM UIST Conference, pp. 23–32 (2009)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Palanque, P., Cockburn, A., Désert-Legendre, L., Gutwin, C., Deleris, Y. (2019). Brace Touch: A Dependable, Turbulence-Tolerant, Multi-touch Interaction Technique for Interactive Cockpits. In: Romanovsky, A., Troubitsyna, E., Bitsch, F. (eds) Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security. SAFECOMP 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11698. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26601-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26601-1_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-26600-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-26601-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)