Abstract
Body fluid homeostasis is essential for normal life. In the maintenance of water balance, the most important factor and regulated process is the excretory function of the kidneys. The kidneys are capable to compensate not only the daily fluctuations of water intake but also the consequences of fluid loss (respiration, perspiration, sweating, hemorrhage). The final volume and osmolality of the excreted urine is set in the collecting duct via hormonal regulation. The hormone of water conservation is the vasopressin (AVP), and a large volume of urine is produced and excreted in the absence of AVP secretion or if AVP is ineffective in the kidneys. The aquaporin-2 water channel (AQP2) is expressed in the principal cells, and it plays an essential role in the reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts via type 2 vasopressin receptor (V2R)-mediated mechanism. If neural or hormonal regulation fails to operate the normal function of AVP-V2R-AQP2 system, it can result in various diseases such as diabetes insipidus (DI) or nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate diuresis (NSIAD). The DI is characterized by excessive production of hyposmotic urine (“insipidus” means tasteless) due to the inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine. In this chapter, we focus and discuss the pathophysiology of nephrogenic DI (NDI) and the potential therapeutic interventions in the light of the current experimental data.
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Abbreviations
- ADH:
-
Antidiuretic hormone
- ANP:
-
Atrial natriuretic peptide
- AQP:
-
Aquaporin water channel
- AVP:
-
Vasopressin
- cAMP:
-
3′,5′-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- cNDI:
-
Congenital forms of NDI
- CREB:
-
cAMP response element-binding protein
- ddAVP:
-
Desmopressin (1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin)
- DI:
-
Diabetes insipidus
- ENaC:
-
Epithelial sodium channel
- GPCR:
-
G protein-coupled receptor
- NaPi-2:
-
Type 2 sodium-phosphate cotransporter
- NBC1:
-
Sodium-bicarbonate cotransporter
- NDI:
-
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
- NCC:
-
Na-Cl cotransporter
- NKCC:
-
Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter
- NSIAD:
-
Nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate diuresis
- PGE2:
-
Prostaglandin E2
- PKA:
-
Protein kinase A
- ROMK:
-
Renal outer medullary potassium channel
- SIADH:
-
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
- V1R, V2R:
-
Type 1 and type 2 arginine-vasopressin receptor
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Fund (NKFI K116954 and NVKP_16-1-2016-0039).
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Balla, A., Hunyady, L. (2019). Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus. In: Igaz, P., Patócs, A. (eds) Genetics of Endocrine Diseases and Syndromes. Experientia Supplementum, vol 111. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25905-1_15
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