Abstract
Through selective pressures, weather and climate have shaped the biogeographic and behavioural characteristics of ungulates. For individuals, body condition reflects their integrated acquisition of forage and energy expenditures, which are linked to weather and climate. Thermoregulation is influenced by factors such as insulation, activity, reproduction, and cover. If sufficient energy is available, some ungulates can endure extreme cold, but limits to heat dissipation can put them at risk in extreme heat. However, thermal stress may be avoided through seasonal migration. Harsh weather can lead to population-level responses, most frequently in semi-arid and arid systems. Frequent die-offs in such systems put into question the degree to which ungulate populations relate to forage production, as compared to climate, but the spatial and temporal relevance of that is still debated. Like for most taxa, climate change is expected to lead to migration of ungulate species toward the poles, and to higher elevations, but landscape fragmentation makes such shifts difficult. Responses depend upon the exposure of ungulate populations to change, sensitivity to those changes, resilience, and their capacity to adapt. Genomic responses are less likely in ungulates, given relatively long generation times. Local adaptations include changes in behaviour, such as grazing more at night in predator-free areas. Risks of more frequent extreme events such as droughts are concerning, especially for those most reliant upon ungulates for ecosystem services. The futures of many ungulate species will depend upon their abilities to adapt to changing climate.
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Boone, R.B. (2019). Weather and Climate Impacts on Browsing and Grazing Ungulates. In: Gordon, I., Prins, H. (eds) The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing II. Ecological Studies, vol 239. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25865-8_8
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