Abstract
In this paper, the response of a restored part of the ancient Temple of Pythian Apollo under strong seismic motions is examined. The monument is located on the ancient Acropolis of Rhodes and, in its present condition, consists of a single free-standing column and a colonnade composed of three columns and an entablature. Only a few drums contain ancient parts found in the excavations, while the rest is newer material, placed during the Italian restoration of 1937-38. The examined structure corresponds to the monument after a probable restoration scenario, which accounts for the replacement of all complements that were installed during the Italian restoration with new parts from natural or artificial stone. The performed investigation concerns the response of the structure under six strong seismic excitations, chosen to be compatible with the tectonic environment and past seismic events, scaled to two levels of ground acceleration, corresponding to return periods of 500 years and 1000 years. The structural analyses were performed with the finite element software ABAQUS. The monument was modelled using three-dimensional deformable finite elements, while special attention was paid to the modelling of the mortar that connects structural members, as well as the interface between the drums, where rocking and sliding are allowed. The results of the analyses lead to various conclusions about the response of the structure under the considered seismic scenarios, including the danger of collapse of the monument, the residual displacements induced by the earthquakes, the stress levels that develop in the structure and across the interfaces and the expected damage to the structural members. Based on these results, conclusions are drawn regarding the adequacy or not of the strength capacity of the proposed new parts (natural and artificial stones and connecting mortar), while the possibility of damage to ancient parts during earthquakes is also examined. The main conclusion is that, if the structure remained undamaged, it could survive five out of six of the examined earthquakes, except of the stand-alone column which collapses in half of them. However, this is not the expected situation, since damage will occur to several new and ancient parts during a strong seismic event, increasing significantly the vulnerability of the structure and the risk of partial or total collapse.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allen, R.H., Oppenheim, I.J., Parker, A.R., Bielak, J.: On the dynamic response of rigid body assemblies. Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn. 14, 861–876 (1986)
Konstantinidis, D., Makris, N.: Seismic response analysis of multidrum classical columns. Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn. 34, 1243–1270 (2005)
Psycharis, I.N.: Dynamic behaviour of rocking two-block assemblies. Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn. 19, 555–575 (1990)
Sinopoli, A.: Dynamic analysis of a stone column excited by a sine wave ground motion. Appl. Mech. Rev. 44, S246 (1991)
Dasiou, M., Psycharis, I.N., Vayas, I.: Verification of numerical models used for the analysis of ancient temples. In: Prohitech Conference, Rome (2009)
Psycharis, I.N., Lemos, J.V., Papastamatiou, D.Y., et al.: Numerical study of the seismic behaviour of a part of the Parthenon Pronaos. Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn. 32, 2063–2084 (2003)
Stefanou, I., Psycharis, I.N., Georgopoulos, I.: Dynamic response of reinforced masonry columns in classical monuments. Constr. Build. Mater. 25, 4325–4337 (2011)
Stefanou, I., Vardoulakis, I., Mavraganis, A.: Dynamic motion of a conical frustum over a rough horizontal plane. Int. J. Non Linear Mech. 46, 114–124 (2011)
Housner, G.W.: The behavior of inverted pendulum structures during earthquakes. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 53, 403–417 (1963)
Psycharis, I.N., Papastamatiou, D.Y., Alexandris, A.P.: Parametric investigation of the stability of classical columns under harmonic and earthquake excitations. Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn. 29, 1093–1109 (2000)
Cundall, P.A.: Formulation of a three-dimensional distinct element model - part I: a scheme to detect and represent contacts in a system composed of many polyhedral blocks. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 25, 107–116 (1988)
ABAQUS: User’s Manual. Hibbitt, Karlsson and Sorensen Inc. (2009)
Papantonopoulos, C., Psycharis, I.N., Papastamatiou, D.Y., et al.: Numerical prediction of the earthquake response of classical columns using the distinct element method. Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn. 31, 1699–1717 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.185
Toumbakari, E., Psycharis, I.N.: Parametric investigation of the seismic response of a column of the Aphrodite Temple in Amathus, Cyprus. In: 14th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering (2010)
EFEHR: European Facility for Earthquake Hazard and Risk. http://www.efehr.org
European Committee for Standardization (CEN): Design of structures for earthquake resistance – part 1: general rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings. EN 1998-1. Greek Annex (2004)
Stewart, J.P., Archuleta, R.J., Power, M.S.: Earthquake spectra issue about NGA (guest editors). Earthq. Spectra 24, 341 (2008)
Bozorgnia, Y., Abrahamson, N.A., Al Atik, L., Ancheta, T.D., Atkinson, G.M., Baker, J.W., Baltay, A., Boore, D.M., Campbell, K.W., Chiou, B.S.-J., Darragh, R., Day, S., Donahue, J., Graves, R.W., Gregor, N., Hanks, T., Idriss, I.M., Kamai, R., Kishida, T., Kottke, A., Mahin, S.A., Rezaeian, S., Rowshandel, B., Seyhan, E., Shahi, S., Shantz, T., Silva, W., Spudich, P., Stewart, J.P., Watson-Lamprey, J., Wooddell, K., Youngs, R.: NGA-West2 research project. Earthq. Spectra 30(3), 973–987 (2014)
Bindi, D., Pacor, F., Luzi, L., Puglia, R., Massa, M., Ameri, G., Paolucci, R.: Ground motion prediction equations derived from the Italian strong motion database. Bull. Earthq. Eng. 9(6), 1899–1920 (2011)
Akkar, S., Sandikkaya, M.A., Bommer, J.J.: Empirical ground-motion models for point- and extended-source crustal earthquake scenarios in Europe and the Middle East. Bull. Earthq. Eng. 12(1), 359–387 (2014)
Kardoutsou, V., Taflampas, I., Psycharis, I.N.: A new pulse indicator for the classification of ground motions. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 107(3), 1356–1364 (2017)
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Greek Ministry of Culture for their cooperation and the financing of the Research Project of Pythian Apollo Temple that has made this publication possible.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Psycharis, I.N. et al. (2019). Seismic Response of the Temple of Pythian Apollo in Rhodes Island and Recommendations for Its Restoration. In: Osman, A., Moropoulou, A. (eds) Nondestructive Evaluation and Monitoring Technologies, Documentation, Diagnosis and Preservation of Cultural Heritage. Springer Proceedings in Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25763-7_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25763-7_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-25762-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-25763-7
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)