Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Immunoepidemiology pp 165–178Cite as

Immunoepidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 847 Accesses

Abstract

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was officially acknowledged as a new disease in 1981 by the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The etiologic agent of AIDS is a retrovirus – human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In 1986, the isolation of another retrovirus, HIV-2, in AIDS patients in West Africa provided a clue to the origin of HIV-1. HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in humans resulted from zoonotic transfers of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) infecting chimpanzees (SIVcpz) and sooty mangabeys (SIVsmm), respectively. For SIVcpz to adapt to its new human hosts, the viral matrix protein came under intense host-specific immune selection pressure that resulted in an amino acid substitution (Met to Arg or Lys) in the viral matrix protein (Gag-30). This chapter focuses on how host immune factors modify susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, progression and severity of HIV-1 disease, and the likelihood of transmission of HIV-1 to another person. Some of the factors are genes encoding a chemokine receptor (the C-C motif receptor 5 gene [CCR5]), chemokine ligands, human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA), human β-defensins, and apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3). Despite scientific advancements in the field of HIV-1 research in the last three decades, the search for cure and preventative vaccines for HIV-1 continues to elude the scientific community. A better understanding of the interactions between HIV-1, host restriction factors, and immune responses might provide drug targets for cure and a framework for vaccine initiatives.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Centers for Disease C. Kaposi’s sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men–New York City and California. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1981;30(25):305–8.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Barre-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, Nugeyre MT, Chamaret S, Gruest J, et al. Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science. 1983;220(4599):868–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Popovic M, Sarngadharan MG, Read E, Gallo RC. Detection, isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS. Science. 1984;224(4648):497–500.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Clavel F, Guetard D, Brun-Vezinet F, Chamaret S, Rey MA, Santos-Ferreira MO, et al. Isolation of a new human retrovirus from West African patients with AIDS. Science. 1986;233(4761):343–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Chakrabarti L, Guyader M, Alizon M, Daniel MD, Desrosiers RC, Tiollais P, et al. Sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus from macaque and its relationship to other human and simian retroviruses. Nature. 1987;328(6130):543–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Sharp PM, Bailes E, Gao F, Beer BE, Hirsch VM, Hahn BH. Origins and evolution of AIDS viruses: estimating the time-scale. Biochem Soc Trans. 2000;28(2):275–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Sharp PM, Hahn BH. Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2011;1(1):a006841.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Daniel MD, Letvin NL, King NW, Kannagi M, Sehgal PK, Hunt RD, et al. Isolation of T-cell tropic HTLV-III-like retrovirus from macaques. Science. 1985;228(4704):1201–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hahn BH, Shaw GM, De Cock KM, Sharp PM. AIDS as a zoonosis: scientific and public health implications. Science. 2000;287(5453):607–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Katzourakis A, Tristem M, Pybus OG, Gifford RJ. Discovery and analysis of the first endogenous lentivirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(15):6261–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Aghokeng AF, Bailes E, Loul S, Courgnaud V, Mpoudi-Ngolle E, Sharp PM, et al. Full-length sequence analysis of SIVmus in wild populations of mustached monkeys (Cercopithecus cephus) from Cameroon provides evidence for two co-circulating SIVmus lineages. Virology. 2007;360(2):407–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. van Rensburg EJ, Engelbrecht S, Mwenda J, Laten JD, Robson BA, Stander T, et al. Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from eastern and southern Africa: detection of a SIVagm variant from a chacma baboon. J Gen Virol. 1998;79(Pt 7):1809–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Gao F, Bailes E, Robertson DL, Chen Y, Rodenburg CM, Michael SF, et al. Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes. Nature. 1999;397(6718):436–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Hirsch VM, Dapolito G, Goeken R, Campbell BJ. Phylogeny and natural history of the primate lentiviruses, SIV and HIV. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 1995;5(6):798–806.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Keele BF, Jones JH, Terio KA, Estes JD, Rudicell RS, Wilson ML, et al. Increased mortality and AIDS-like immunopathology in wild chimpanzees infected with SIVcpz. Nature. 2009;460(7254):515–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Keele BF, Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Bailes E, Takehisa J, Santiago ML, et al. Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1. Science. 2006;313(5786):523–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Peeters M, Courgnaud V, Abela B, Auzel P, Pourrut X, Bibollet-Ruche F, et al. Risk to human health from a plethora of simian immunodeficiency viruses in primate bushmeat. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8(5):451–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Malim MH, Emerman M. HIV-1 accessory proteins--ensuring viral survival in a hostile environment. Cell Host Microbe. 2008;3(6):388–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kajaste-Rudnitski A, Pultrone C, Marzetta F, Ghezzi S, Coradin T, Vicenzi E. Restriction factors of retroviral replication: the example of Tripartite Motif (TRIM) protein 5 alpha and 22. Amino Acids. 2010;39(1):1–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Wain LV, Bailes E, Bibollet-Ruche F, Decker JM, Keele BF, Van Heuverswyn F, et al. Adaptation of HIV-1 to its human host. Mol Biol Evol. 2007;24(8):1853–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Mwaengo DM, Novembre FJ. Molecular cloning and characterization of viruses isolated from chimpanzees with pathogenic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infections. J Virol. 1998;72(11):8976–87.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Sheehy AM, Gaddis NC, Choi JD, Malim MH. Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed by the viral Vif protein. Nature. 2002;418(6898):646–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Stremlau M, Owens CM, Perron MJ, Kiessling M, Autissier P, Sodroski J. The cytoplasmic body component TRIM5alpha restricts HIV-1 infection in Old World monkeys. Nature. 2004;427(6977):848–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Neil SJ, Zang T, Bieniasz PD. Tetherin inhibits retrovirus release and is antagonized by HIV-1 Vpu. Nature. 2008;451(7177):425–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Jia B, Serra-Moreno R, Neidermyer W, Rahmberg A, Mackey J, Fofana IB, et al. Species-specific activity of SIV Nef and HIV-1 Vpu in overcoming restriction by tetherin/BST2. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5(5):e1000429.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Iwabu Y, Fujita H, Kinomoto M, Kaneko K, Ishizaka Y, Tanaka Y, et al. HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu internalizes cell-surface BST-2/tetherin through transmembrane interactions leading to lysosomes. J Biol Chem. 2009;284(50):35060–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Bour S, Schubert U, Peden K, Strebel K. The envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 enhances viral particle release: a Vpu-like factor? J Virol. 1996;70(2):820–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Gupta RK, Mlcochova P, Pelchen-Matthews A, Petit SJ, Mattiuzzo G, Pillay D, et al. Simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein counteracts tetherin/BST-2/CD317 by intracellular sequestration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(49):20889–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Sauter C. Adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(11):742; author reply 4–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Horton RE, McLaren PJ, Fowke K, Kimani J, Ball TB. Cohorts for the study of HIV-1-exposed but uninfected individuals: benefits and limitations. J Infect Dis. 2010;202(Suppl 3):S377–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Detels R, Liu Z, Hennessey K, Kan J, Visscher BR, Taylor JM, et al. Resistance to HIV-1 infection. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1994;7(12):1263–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Dean M, Carrington M, Winkler C, Huttley GA, Smith MW, Allikmets R, et al. Genetic restriction of HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS by a deletion allele of the CKR5 structural gene. Hemophilia Growth and Development Study, Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study, San Francisco City Cohort, ALIVE Study. Science. 1996;273(5283):1856–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kroner BL, Rosenberg PS, Aledort LM, Alvord WG, Goedert JJ. HIV-1 infection incidence among persons with hemophilia in the United States and western Europe, 1978–1990. Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1994;7(3):279–86.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Osbourn JK, Earnshaw JC, Johnson KS, Parmentier M, Timmermans V, McCafferty J. Directed selection of MIP-1 alpha neutralizing CCR5 antibodies from a phage display human antibody library. Nat Biotechnol. 1998;16(8):778–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Signoret N, Pelchen-Matthews A, Mack M, Proudfoot AE, Marsh M. Endocytosis and recycling of the HIV coreceptor CCR5. J Cell Biol. 2000;151(6):1281–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Kaul R, Rowland-Jones SL, Kimani J, Dong T, Yang HB, Kiama P, et al. Late seroconversion in HIV-resistant Nairobi prostitutes despite pre-existing HIV-specific CD8+ responses. J Clin Invest. 2001;107(3):341–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Mazzoli S, Trabattoni D, Lo Caputo S, Piconi S, Ble C, Meacci F, et al. HIV-specific mucosal and cellular immunity in HIV-seronegative partners of HIV-seropositive individuals. Nat Med. 1997;3(11):1250–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Devito C, Hinkula J, Kaul R, Lopalco L, Bwayo JJ, Plummer F, et al. Mucosal and plasma IgA from HIV-exposed seronegative individuals neutralize a primary HIV-1 isolate. AIDS. 2000;14(13):1917–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Bryson YJ, Luzuriaga K, Sullivan JL, Wara DW. Proposed definitions for in utero versus intrapartum transmission of HIV-1. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(17):1246–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Paintsil E, Andiman WA. Update on successes and challenges regarding mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009;21(1):94–101.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. MacDonald KS, Embree J, Njenga S, Nagelkerke NJ, Ngatia I, Mohammed Z, et al. Mother-child class I HLA concordance increases perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission. J Infect Dis. 1998;177(3):551–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Mackelprang RD, Carrington M, John-Stewart G, Lohman-Payne B, Richardson BA, Wamalwa D, et al. Maternal human leukocyte antigen A∗2301 is associated with increased mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission. J Infect Dis. 2010;202(8):1273–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Braida L, Boniotto M, Pontillo A, Tovo PA, Amoroso A, Crovella S. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the human beta-defensin 1 gene is associated with HIV-1 infection in Italian children. AIDS. 2004;18(11):1598–600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Milanese M, Segat L, Pontillo A, Arraes LC, de Lima Filho JL, Crovella S. DEFB1 gene polymorphisms and increased risk of HIV-1 infection in Brazilian children. AIDS. 2006;20(12):1673–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Ricci E, Malacrida S, Zanchetta M, Montagna M, Giaquinto C, De Rossi A. Role of beta-defensin-1 polymorphisms in mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51(1):13–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Pazgier M, Hoover DM, Yang D, Lu W, Lubkowski J. Human beta-defensins. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2006;63(11):1294–313.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Samleerat T, Thenin S, Jourdain G, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Moreau A, Leechanachai P, et al. Maternal neutralizing antibodies against a CRF01_AE primary isolate are associated with a low rate of intrapartum HIV-1 transmission. Virology. 2009;387(2):388–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Barin F, Jourdain G, Brunet S, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Weerawatgoompa S, Karnchanamayul W, et al. Revisiting the role of neutralizing antibodies in mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. J Infect Dis. 2006;193(11):1504–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Wu X, Parast AB, Richardson BA, Nduati R, John-Stewart G, Mbori-Ngacha D, et al. Neutralization escape variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are transmitted from mother to infant. J Virol. 2006;80(2):835–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Persaud D, Gay H, Ziemniak C, Chen YH, Piatak M Jr, Chun TW, et al. Absence of detectable HIV-1 viremia after treatment cessation in an infant. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(19):1828–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Hutter G, Nowak D, Mossner M, Ganepola S, Mussig A, Allers K, et al. Long-term control of HIV by CCR5 Delta32/Delta32 stem-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(7):692–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Gupta RK, Abdul-Jawad S, McCoy LE, Mok HP, Peppa D, Salgado M, et al. HIV-1 remission following CCR5Delta32/Delta32 haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Nature. 2019;568:244.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. An P, Winkler CA. Host genes associated with HIV/AIDS: advances in gene discovery. Trends Genet. 2010;26(3):119–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, and Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Medicine and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA

    Elijah Paintsil

Authors
  1. Elijah Paintsil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elijah Paintsil .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health and Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Peter J. Krause

  2. Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Paula B. Kavathas

  3. Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA

    Nancy H. Ruddle

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Paintsil, E. (2019). Immunoepidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency. In: Krause, P., Kavathas, P., Ruddle, N. (eds) Immunoepidemiology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25553-4_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation