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Biotechnological Applications of β-Glucosidases in Biomass Degradation

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Book cover Recent Advancement in White Biotechnology Through Fungi

Part of the book series: Fungal Biology ((FUNGBIO))

Abstract

The plant cell wall is chiefly composed of cellulose (35–50%), hemicellulose (20–35%) and lignin (10–15%). Structurally, cellulose is a simple biopolymer composed of D-glucose residues, linked by β-1,4-glucosidic bonds. It is, however, highly resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis due to its insoluble, crystalline microfibrillar structure and its complex association with lignin. Cellulose degradation requires the concerted action of three enzymes: exoglucanase (that attacks the terminal glucosidic bond), endoglucanase (that catalyses the hydrolysis of internal bonds) and β-glucosidase (that converts cellobiose to free glucose molecules). The process of cellulose degradation is often limited by the terminal step catalysed by β-glucosidases, and hence, an increased understanding of the regulatory aspects of this enzyme would help in increasing the efficiency of the reaction. β-glucosidases are naturally produced by some organisms like bacteria, fungi and termites, which are crucial for hydrolysing cellulose, the major carbohydrate produced by plants. In addition to their ecological roles, β-glucosidases find tremendous biotechnological applications in biofuel production, enhancement of flavours and nutritional quality, detoxification of cyanogenic glucosidases in food crops, waste paper recycling and many more. The fact that cellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate on earth makes it a promising source of biofuels through its conversion into sugars, followed by fermentation into ethanol. This process of lignocellulose bioconversion has an additional advantage of cellulose waste management. Hence, this chapter would mainly focus on the biotechnological applications of β-glucosidases with special emphasis on the regulations, limitations and approaches to enhance the enzyme activity in the process of lignocellulose conversion into biofuels.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Director, DEI, for his continuous support and encouragement. SM is grateful to Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Deemed University, Agra, for sanctioning the Research Project, DEI/Minor Project/2017-18 (iv), as a start-up grant.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Deemed University, Dayalbagh, Agra, India

    Sushma Mishra, Deepika Goyal & Prem Kumar Dantu

  2. Host Plant Section, Central Muga Eri Research & Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Lahdoigarh, Jorhat, Assam, India

    Amit Kumar

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  1. Sushma Mishra
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  1. Department of Biotechnology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh, India

    Ajar Nath Yadav

  2. Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Sangram Singh

  3. Biotech Park, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Shashank Mishra

  4. Department of Zoology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Gonda, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Arti Gupta

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Mishra, S., Goyal, D., Kumar, A., Dantu, P.K. (2019). Biotechnological Applications of β-Glucosidases in Biomass Degradation. In: Yadav, A., Singh, S., Mishra, S., Gupta, A. (eds) Recent Advancement in White Biotechnology Through Fungi. Fungal Biology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25506-0_10

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