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Non-governmental Actors, Horizontal Participation in Policy

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Regional Integration, Development, and Governance in Mesoamerica

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Abstract

In the previous chapters, I outlined governance frameworks in Mesoamerica at the regional level and the different government tiers. However, governance implies that the “steering mechanisms” in place are not limited to the decisions and activities of the elected government officials and their offices. The ability of the government to effectively govern has meant the need to include other actors in policymaking, with specific interests embedded in the delivery of services provided by the government.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The Memoir of the “Foro Regional de Reflexión Sobre las Metas del Milenio y la Equidad de Género en el Marco del Plan Puebla-Panama” starts off with a disclosure saying that it was a challenge to produce a forum due to the stance of many organisations of NO PPP a posture that to the organisers meant “NO dialogue, NO communication, NO exchanges of expertise.” Many key actors decided not to participate in this forum because of their NO PPP stance—p. 17 (SRE/UNIFEM/PNUD 2004).

  2. 2.

    http://www.redalforja.net/.

  3. 3.

    See Jara, Oscar, ed. 2002. Otro Desarrollo es Posible: Sistematización de experiencias y reflexiones críticas desde la Centroamérica post-Mitch 1998–2001. Centro de Estudios y Publicaciones Alforja.

  4. 4.

    Called ‘gatopardismo’ as it is derived from Guissepe Tomasi di Lampedusa’s novel “Il Gatopardo” circa 1954–1957.

  5. 5.

    Constitutional reform has allowed him to stay in power for three terms, https://www.reuters.com/article/oukwd-uk-nicaragua-ortega-idAFTRE59J11820091020; https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/11/05/nicaraguas-daniel-ortega-headed-for-third-consecutive-term-amid-questions-about-democracy/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.8c929c94f295.

  6. 6.

    A Ortega lo atrapó el poder, Silvia Isabel Gámez Reforma, 2 December. Entrevista con Sergio Ramírez.

  7. 7.

    Rigoberta Menchú was awarded the Nobel Peace prize for her efforts to bring equality and dignity to the indigenous peoples of Guatemala. She denounced the human rights abuses that were taking place and obtained international support for her cause. Her foundation continues to fight for the human rights of indigenous peoples, not only in Guatemala, but also in the rest of Mesoamerica.

  8. 8.

    The Esquipulas process established a framework of peaceful conflict resolution as set up by the Contadora group to settle the military conflicts in Central America. The Esquipulas II accord was signed in 1987 by the five presidents.

  9. 9.

    In the CC-SICA’s own literature, there are also several examples of unsuccessful attempts to change documents or project proposals. In general, they attribute these failures to the fact that CC-SICA did not manage to reach consensus or consolidate their position, giving them little leverage in the negotiations.

  10. 10.

    The CCT, which at the time had the presidency of the CC-SICA (2006–2007), has a parallel organisation, the Central American Institute for Social Studies (ICAES), which is responsible for much of the investigation used by the CCT in its recommendations. The ICAES has produced a substantial amount of literature on integration, which can be found at www.cct-icaes.org.

  11. 11.

    Information on the forums used to be found on www.foro-mesoamericano.org/resena-historica, now a dead link. RMALC still has several documents available in its historical archives. http://www.rmalc.org/historico/ppp/foros.php.html; http://www.rmalc.org/historico/eventos/viii_foro_mesoamericano/declaracion-minanitlan.htm.

  12. 12.

    28 June 2009, President Zelaya was ousted and sent to Costa Rica, and a provisional government was put in place. Zelaya proposed changes to the Constitution that Congress rejected. For more information see http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/honduras/golpe/; http://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-a-honduran-coup-20150427-story.html.

  13. 13.

    2016 Avances del Proyecto Mesoamerica. The official report of 2017 calls them ‘sustainable seeds’ and says that “bean seeds adapted to withstand drought were distributed in El Salvador”, p. 23.

  14. 14.

    For full report: http://www.cmdpdh.org/publicaciones-pdf/cmdpdh-informe-de-desplazamiento-interno-masivo-en-mexico-2017.pdf.

  15. 15.

    Presidentes centroamericanos buscan financiamiento para el Plan Puebla Panamá, article in Nación newspaper Costa Rica, published 26 June 2002 (www.nación.com).

  16. 16.

    “Rechazan empresarios firma de tratados ‘light’”, article by Dayna Meré in Reforma, printed edition, Monday, 2 October 2006.

  17. 17.

    http://www.proyectomesoamerica.org/index.php/comunicacion/seccion-noticias/20-noticiaspm/articulos-noticias/260-noticias-enero-2018.html.

  18. 18.

    The BCIE and the EU launched a development programme for border areas, which is developed in nine micro-regions, five are cross-border municipalities and four are shared river basins (OECD 2005; www.sica.org).

  19. 19.

    See www.sica.int/trifinio.

  20. 20.

    For more information, see www.sica.int/ccsica as well as CC-SICA publications as outlined in the Bibliography.

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Conferences Attended

  • “Gestión integrada de programas sociales y autoridad social: experiencias latinoamericanas”, Dr. Rolando Franco, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Centro de Estudios para el Futuro FLACSO, Tuesday 17 October 2006, San José, Costa Rica, 10:00 a.m.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universidad Anahuac México, Mexico City, Mexico

    Alina Gamboa

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  1. Alina Gamboa
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Gamboa, A. (2020). Non-governmental Actors, Horizontal Participation in Policy. In: Regional Integration, Development, and Governance in Mesoamerica. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25350-9_6

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